Figure 1
Regression results of interaction analyses for mothers divided into groups based on pre-intervention (T1) scores of KPCS_ Results compare mothers at follow-up who received the IYPB program to those who received usual care within the groups scoring in the lowest 50th percentiles and the highest 50th percentiles_
| KPCS < 50 % at T1 | KPCS > 50 % at T1 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CIB Scales | β | p | 95 % CI | β | p | 95 % CI |
| Parent Sensitivity | 0.12 | 0.65 | [-0.39-0.63] | 0.45 | 0.17 | [-0.19-1.08] |
| Parent Intrusiveness¤ | 0.15 | 0.13 | [-0.05-0.34] | -0.21 | 0.20 | [-0.54-0.11] |
| Parent Limit-Setting | 0.11 | 0.48 | [-0.20-0.43] | 0.01 | 0.97 | [-0.39-0.40] |
| Child Social Involvement | -0.04 | 0.82 | [-0.38-0.30] | 0.28 | 0.24 | [-0.19-0.75] |
| Child Withdrawal¤ | 0.07 | 0.55 | [-0.17-0.32] | -0.21 | 0.20 | [-0.53-0.11] |
| Dyadic Reciprocity | 0.03 | 0.91 | [-0.45-0.51] | 0.53 | 0.10 | [-0.11-1.16] |
| Dyadic Negative States¤ | -0.02 | 0.90 | [-0.41-0.36] | -0.29 | 0.24 | [-0.77-0.19] |
| CIB Total | 0.02 | 0.92 | [-0.31-0.34] | 0.35 | 0.09 | [-0.06-0.75] |
| N | 97 | 97 | ||||
Timing of outcomes
| T1 Baseline | T2 Post-test | T3 Follow-up | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parent measures | ||||
| Karitane Parenting Confidence Scale (52,53) | KPCS | √ | √ | |
| Sense of Coherence (54) | SOC13 | √ | ||
| Major Depression Inventory (55) | MDI10 | √ | √ | √ |
| World Health Organisation Well-Being Index (56,57) | WHO5 | √ | √ | √ |
| Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (58) | RSS | √ | ||
| Parental Stress Scale (59) | PSS | √ | √ | |
| Being a Mother (60) | BaM13 | √ | ||
| Parental Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (61) | PRFQ | √ | ||
| Parenting Sense of Competence (62) | PSOC | √ | ||
| Background questions | √ | √ | √ | |
| Single items on parent and child health, child temperament, parent life satisfaction, network, household budget | √ | √ | √ | |
| Child measures | ||||
| Ages and Stages Questionnaire - Social-Emotional (63,64) | ASQ:SE-2e | √ | √ | √ |
| Cognitive Development Questionnaire (65) | CDQ | √ | ||
| Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (66,67) | SDQ | √ | ||
| Parent-Child measures | ||||
| Mother and Baby Interaction Scale (68) | MABISC | √ | ||
| Coding Interactive Behavior video (69) | CIB | √ |
Sensitivity analyses comparing OLS regression without adjustment for baseline imbalance, without proxy for baseline CIB outcome, and with RSS as proxy for baseline CIB outcome_
| Without adjustment for baseline imbalance | Without proxy for baseline CIB outcome | With RSS as proxy for baseline CIB outcome | Without robust standard errors | Standardized regression estimates | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CIB Scales | β | 95 % CI | β | 95 % CI | β | 95 % CI | β | 95 % CI | β | 95 % CI |
| Parent Sensitivity | 0.26 | [-0.05-0.56] | 0.31 | [-0.05-0.66] | 0.32 | [-0.03-0.67] | 0.32* | [0.04-0.60] | 0.24 | [-0.03-0.52] |
| Parent Intrusiveness¤ | 0.02 | [-0.13-0.17] | 0.05 | [-0.10-0.20] | 0.04 | [-0.10-0.19] | 0.07 | [-0.09-0.23] | 0.10 | [-0.11-0.31] |
| Parent Limit-Setting | 0.12 | [-0.08-0.31] | 0.12 | [-0.09-0.33] | 0.13 | [-0.08-0.34] | 0.11 | [-0.07-0.30] | 0.13 | [-0.13-0.40] |
| Child Involvement Social | 0.11 | [-0.11-0.32] | 0.07 | [-0.16-0.31] | 0.09 | [-0.14-0.32] | 0.09 | [-0.14-0.32] | 0.09 | [-0.14-0.31] |
| Child Withdrawal¤ | 0.02 | [-0.14-0.18] | -0.00 | [-0.17-0.16] | -0.00 | [-0.17-0.16] | -0.02 | [-0.19-0.15] | -0.03 | [-0.25-0.19] |
| Dyadic Reciprocity | 0.23 | [-0.07-0.53] | 0.25 | [-0.07-0.57] | 0.27 | [-0.05-0.59] | 0.27 | [-0.03-0.56] | 0.19 | [-0.04-0.43] |
| Dyadic States¤ Negative | -0.09 | [-0.33-0.14] | -0.13 | [-0.39-0.13] | -0.14 | [-0.40-0.13] | -0.14 | [-0.38-0.09] | -0.14 | [-0.39-0.12] |
| CIB Total | 0.15 | [-0.05-0.34] | 0.16 | [-0.06-0.38] | 0.17 | [-0.04-0.39] | 0.17 | [-0.02-0.36] | 0.20 | [-0.06-0.45] |
| N | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | |||||
Comparison of parent-child relationship outcomes for families who received IYPB program and families who received usual care (UC) at post-intervention (T2) with regression coefficients, 95% confidence intervals, and Cohen’s d for multiple linear regressions controlling for site and baseline score
| IYPB T2 | UC T2 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CIB Scales | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | β | p | 95 % CI | d (adj.) | d (raw) |
| Parent Sensitivity | 4.34 | 0.54 | 4.08 | 0.75 | 0.32 | 0.08 | [-0.04-0.68] | 0.52 | 0.43 |
| Parent Intrusiveness¤ | 1.37 | 0.34 | 1.35 | 0.34 | 0.07 | 0.35 | [-0.08-0.22] | 0.21 | 0.06 |
| Parent Limit-Setting | 4.90 | 0.31 | 4.79 | 0.52 | 0.11 | 0.31 | [-0.11-0.33] | 0.28 | 0.28 |
| Child Social Involvement | 3.77 | 0.48 | 3.64 | 0.53 | 0.09 | 0.45 | [-0.15-0.33] | 0.18 | 0.27 |
| Child Withdrawal¤ | 1.27 | 0.37 | 1.27 | 0.34 | -0.02 | 0.79 | [-0.19-0.14] | -0.06 | 0.00 |
| Dyadic Reciprocity | 4.41 | 0.61 | 4.17 | 0.71 | 0.27 | 0.11 | [-0.06-0.59] | 0.41 | 0.38 |
| Dyadic Negative States¤ | 1.29 | 0.48 | 1.40 | 0.54 | -0.14 | 0.29 | [-0.41-0.12] | -0.29 | -0.22 |
| CIB Total | 4.35 | 0.38 | 4.19 | 0.47 | 0.17 | 0.13 | [-0.05-0.39] | 0.41 | 0.39 |
| N | 64 | 33 |