Parent-child relationship outcomes of the Incredible Years Parents and Babies Program: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial

		T1 Baseline	T2 Post-test	T3 Follow-up
Parent measures
Karitane Parenting Confidence Scale (52,53)	KPCS	√	√
Sense of Coherence (54)	SOC13	√
Major Depression Inventory (55)	MDI10	√	√	√
World Health Organisation Well-Being Index (56,57)	WHO5	√	√	√
Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (58)	RSS		√
Parental Stress Scale (59)	PSS		√	√
Being a Mother (60)	BaM13			√
Parental Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (61)	PRFQ			√
Parenting Sense of Competence (62)	PSOC			√
Background questions		√	√	√
Single items on parent and child health, child temperament, parent life satisfaction, network, household budget		√	√	√
Child measures
Ages and Stages Questionnaire - Social-Emotional (63,64)	ASQ:SE-2e	√	√	√
Cognitive Development Questionnaire (65)	CDQ			√
Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (66,67)	SDQ			√
Parent-Child measures
Mother and Baby Interaction Scale (68)	MABISC		√
Coding Interactive Behavior video (69)	CIB		√

Table 2

Comparison of parent-child relationship outcomes for families who received IYPB program and families who received usual care (UC) at post-intervention (T2) with regression coefficients, 95% confidence intervals, and Cohen’s d for multiple linear regressions controlling for site and baseline score

	IYPB T2		UC T2
CIB Scales	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	β	p	95 % CI	d (adj.)	d (raw)
Parent Sensitivity	4.34	0.54	4.08	0.75	0.32	0.08	[-0.04-0.68]	0.52	0.43
Parent Intrusiveness^¤	1.37	0.34	1.35	0.34	0.07	0.35	[-0.08-0.22]	0.21	0.06
Parent Limit-Setting	4.90	0.31	4.79	0.52	0.11	0.31	[-0.11-0.33]	0.28	0.28
Child Social Involvement	3.77	0.48	3.64	0.53	0.09	0.45	[-0.15-0.33]	0.18	0.27
Child Withdrawal^¤	1.27	0.37	1.27	0.34	-0.02	0.79	[-0.19-0.14]	-0.06	0.00
Dyadic Reciprocity	4.41	0.61	4.17	0.71	0.27	0.11	[-0.06-0.59]	0.41	0.38
Dyadic Negative States^¤	1.29	0.48	1.40	0.54	-0.14	0.29	[-0.41-0.12]	-0.29	-0.22
CIB Total	4.35	0.38	4.19	0.47	0.17	0.13	[-0.05-0.39]	0.41	0.39
N	64		33

[i] * p < 0.05, ^¤: low score is favorable

IYPB: Incredible Years Parents and Babies; UC: usual care; T2: Time 2 (post-intervention); CIB: Coding Interactive Behavior; SD: standard deviation, β: regression estimate; CI: 95% confidence interval of the regression estimate; d (adj.): the adjusted Cohen’s d effect size; d (raw.): the raw Cohen’s d effect size;

Table 3

Regression results of interaction analyses for mothers divided into groups based on pre-intervention (T1) scores of KPCS. Results compare mothers at follow-up who received the IYPB program to those who received usual care within the groups scoring in the lowest 50th percentiles and the highest 50th percentiles.

	KPCS < 50 % at T1			KPCS > 50 % at T1
CIB Scales	β	p	95 % CI	β	p	95 % CI
Parent Sensitivity	0.12	0.65	[-0.39-0.63]	0.45	0.17	[-0.19-1.08]
Parent Intrusiveness^¤	0.15	0.13	[-0.05-0.34]	-0.21	0.20	[-0.54-0.11]
Parent Limit-Setting	0.11	0.48	[-0.20-0.43]	0.01	0.97	[-0.39-0.40]
Child Social Involvement	-0.04	0.82	[-0.38-0.30]	0.28	0.24	[-0.19-0.75]
Child Withdrawal^¤	0.07	0.55	[-0.17-0.32]	-0.21	0.20	[-0.53-0.11]
Dyadic Reciprocity	0.03	0.91	[-0.45-0.51]	0.53	0.10	[-0.11-1.16]
Dyadic Negative States^¤	-0.02	0.90	[-0.41-0.36]	-0.29	0.24	[-0.77-0.19]
CIB Total	0.02	0.92	[-0.31-0.34]	0.35	0.09	[-0.06-0.75]
N		97			97

[i] * p < 0.05, ^¤: low score is favorable

T1: Time 1; β: regression estimate for interaction term; ¤: low score is favorable; KPCS: Karitane Parenting Confidence Scale; CIB: Coding Interactive Behavior

Table 4

Sensitivity analyses comparing OLS regression without adjustment for baseline imbalance, without proxy for baseline CIB outcome, and with RSS as proxy for baseline CIB outcome.

	Without adjustment for baseline imbalance		Without proxy for baseline CIB outcome		With RSS as proxy for baseline CIB outcome		Without robust standard errors		Standardized regression estimates
CIB Scales	β	95 % CI	β	95 % CI	β	95 % CI	β	95 % CI	β	95 % CI
Parent Sensitivity	0.26	[-0.05-0.56]	0.31	[-0.05-0.66]	0.32	[-0.03-0.67]	0.32*	[0.04-0.60]	0.24	[-0.03-0.52]
Parent Intrusiveness^¤	0.02	[-0.13-0.17]	0.05	[-0.10-0.20]	0.04	[-0.10-0.19]	0.07	[-0.09-0.23]	0.10	[-0.11-0.31]
Parent Limit-Setting	0.12	[-0.08-0.31]	0.12	[-0.09-0.33]	0.13	[-0.08-0.34]	0.11	[-0.07-0.30]	0.13	[-0.13-0.40]
Child Involvement Social	0.11	[-0.11-0.32]	0.07	[-0.16-0.31]	0.09	[-0.14-0.32]	0.09	[-0.14-0.32]	0.09	[-0.14-0.31]
Child Withdrawal^¤	0.02	[-0.14-0.18]	-0.00	[-0.17-0.16]	-0.00	[-0.17-0.16]	-0.02	[-0.19-0.15]	-0.03	[-0.25-0.19]
Dyadic Reciprocity	0.23	[-0.07-0.53]	0.25	[-0.07-0.57]	0.27	[-0.05-0.59]	0.27	[-0.03-0.56]	0.19	[-0.04-0.43]
Dyadic States^¤ Negative	-0.09	[-0.33-0.14]	-0.13	[-0.39-0.13]	-0.14	[-0.40-0.13]	-0.14	[-0.38-0.09]	-0.14	[-0.39-0.12]
CIB Total	0.15	[-0.05-0.34]	0.16	[-0.06-0.38]	0.17	[-0.04-0.39]	0.17	[-0.02-0.36]	0.20	[-0.06-0.45]
N	97		97		97		97		97

[i] * p < 0.05, ^¤: low score is favorable

β: regression estimate for interaction term, CI: 95% confidence interval of the regression estimate.

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Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/sjcapp-2022-0004 | Journal eISSN: 2245-8875

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Language: English

Page range: 40 - 52

Published on: Jun 7, 2022

Published by: Center for Evidence-based Psychiatry

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

Keywords:

Parenting,

parenting interventions,

early intervention,

early childhood,

infant,

Incredible Years,

randomized controlled trial,

universal intervention,

prevention

Related subjects:

Medicine,

Basic medical science,

Basic medical science, other

© 2022 Maiken Pontoppidan, Mette Thorsager, Tine Steenhoff, published by Center for Evidence-based Psychiatry
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Volume 10 (2022): Issue 1 (January 2022)

Parent-child relationship outcomes of the Incredible Years Parents and Babies Program: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial

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