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Properties of soft clay, silt, fill, DM walls, and geofoam_
| Parameters | Symbol | Soft clay | Platform fill | Embankment fill | DM walls | Geofoam EPS15 | Geotextile |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Soil model | MC* | MC* | MC* | Elastic | Plastic | Elastic | |
| Bulk modulus (GPa) | K | 1.1 | 19.6 | 39.2 | 25.0 | — | — |
| Shear modulus (GPa) | G | 0.25 | 75.2 | 15 | 11.5 | 0.00257 | — |
| Friction angle (°) | ϕ | 12 | 32 | 38 | 6.3 | — | — |
| Cohesion (kPa) | c′ | 26 | 18 | 14 | — | 4.26 | — |
| Dry density (kN/m3) | γ d | 16.18 | 19.18 | 18.54 | — | 0.155 | — |
| Compression index | C c | 1.14 | 0.01 | 0.028 | — | 0.00032 | — |
| Coefficient of consolidation (m2/year) | C v | 0.22 | 3.25 | 2.58 | — | 3.35 | — |
| Coefficient of volume compressibility, (m2/kN) | m v | 1.5 × 10−3 | 0.05 × 10−3 | 0.054 × 10−3 | — | 0.033 × 10−3 | — |
| Tensile stiffness of geotextile (kN/m) | J | — | — | — | — | — | 1,700 |
| Coupling stiffness of geotextile (MPa/m3) | k | — | — | — | — | — | 2.3 |
| Coupling friction angle (°) | c i | — | — | — | — | — | 5 |
| Elastic modulus (MPa) | E s | — | — | — | — | 12 | |
| Viscosity (Pa s) | ( | — | — | — | — | — | 1 × 1011 |
Transverse gradient change (%)_
| Unit | Case | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A (after construction immediately) | A (after the end of consolidation) | B (after construction immediately) | B (after the end of consolidation) | |||||||||
| (kPa) | 12 | 33 | 66 | 12 | 33 | 66 | 12 | 33 | 66 | 12 | 33 | 66 |
| (%) | 0.30 | 0.78 | 1.5 | 0.94 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 0.19 | 0.39 | 0.65 | 0.39 | 0.49 | 0.53 |
Summary of the key material properties used in experiments and numerical models_
| Component | Material specification | Key properties |
|---|---|---|
| Embankment fill | AASHTO granular subbase A‑2‑4 | Max particle size: 37.5 mm; PI < 12; CBR > 15% |
| Compaction standard | Mod AASHTO | Minimum 95% density |
| LDS | Reinforced concrete (Grade 30 MPa) | Compressive strength: 30 MPa; Thickness: 250 mm |
| Reinforcement | Y12 bars @ 200 mm c/c (both directions) | Yield strength: 450 MPa; Cover: 40 mm |
| Geotextile layer | Non-woven polypropylene | Permittivity ≥0.8 s⁻1; Tensile strength ≥15 kN/m |