Figure 1
![Loaded pile scheme.Symbols on Figure 1:
D- pile diameter [m]
h- length of the pile in the soil [m]
l- arm of bending space [m]
N1- load at the base of the pile [MN]
N2- load at the head of the pile [MN]
N(z)- axial force in the pile at z depth [MN]
τ(z)- shear stress on the pile skin at z depth [MPa]
s- settlement value of the pile [mm]
s(z)- settlement of the pile at z depth [mm]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647379824e662f30ba53f85f/j_sgem-2021-0026_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKFCW76C7N%2F20260126%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260126T061451Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEGkaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJGMEQCIFSPnNbPKusZ7dTn9Va69LRR85%2FBx3afY6qmSWeIho1iAiAH2pNKmAFsPyVN5AMlP%2Fq21yqZxm6siQwqs4C06qfNmCq9BQgyEAIaDDk2MzEzNDI4OTk0MCIMUuBdyatHquOLPm73KpoFtsKZqoFoC3jb2Uz8e19DQWrq8YhWNKnixYar%2BUHw0e0LrUQ83JPX7zNxV6M%2FHScEe5iBF9meT8kwk%2BnyWYrYe2PfmXfT%2BtAdyTNwuot4vSqTitRfosbtOCcUTG%2FKq20YscGHctOxV6v0QpuilxnQwngmnrAe2Pr%2F%2FwYC61OtmMT4RtvNawV8VpzIHHujns29x4%2B3s120o8aLekdPdfOTPK%2Bqo8OHtW8Fc%2B5WZFuryUmj6ZWBBh10MBpfnVsXVw9EfhkVydaD72bNkFFU0II%2BC5luPCducmAUsSo%2BtN8EV3Nhxl47VPG1a4Hb3wf%2FMN0Ce7u7EWH2C2y2QN3olHqkJ8blYC%2FA5zFd7EiDkM8BAv8R1mLGX2Sgz9DZOBaw2FmQ3KDdWPX%2B4WR7yHg98Z0mnQP9%2BQeGnBnPjyBsM6BKGnxb37PHKhXJDyvpB2%2FmkSknoaamXVK4aksaegA5CvRtuC5dEdN0gncfq3yl0OTZbqlYx9KW0bX5DxB2RO7cOY1ldSeDClvHeImWPmmSfaPQvIBlM0iLon0pUvg0TjuqhwDXyBHO1enRs9i8qreJIx2x72Pp1lzwDMs%2Bns7%2FfYBpDE%2BjbcApC5f9YixK5zr8xJB%2B%2F9xImMbGxf0mtLnXPJBmVtxfpgETtT1lE1KVYOdeyxvqWwx04T6G%2BqRoTa1BqPHJ1OIPrOWx03RLrKbmRSORDWIxdwbxJic5KKRwh4UMV26lsKGtCgaMG05bQXoTqk%2BQMvCH7Ewlz45N%2FFnx85m6420y2GOtOHMTvQ6ZJD3ZTTcWDKO%2FyaPs3pwX9GKQbfYiV7U8CGQfu8s4BXFZeVSMQI7GPKu3VAGctZ5sUc1R0QMuKKQ0Zf6VuXu2twbZtqo4u9bQE%2B%2BLRQ3uMOv82ssGOrIBGsanr6VzQi27xnbERPwySBDaz8bNIsUiD78s5j4dam6X4wRwumImnFXf7vndUb%2FkzdzR4epat6UV9RuxfZrn6H%2BC0HATC%2FWvvyY32WNmT0J3BjgywvNSAOPyRGT3J1bQKSyL9ExKAjR%2FBaD2w9QyaxvC5wUmN2667Q1Bo8gZpJ5jBo3Hkl9%2Bhk6xT1pZQ3rditwtlN0sksQOl615%2F0i9XQdhEy8EJ7shripuMgUNh1s9yw%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=39843a3606548009a6fa3fe6d61a055b5ebfcfc5eaff6b93efef9154bf9ed8f5&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 2
![Placement of strain gauges for Pile 1, forces graph [9].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647379824e662f30ba53f85f/j_sgem-2021-0026_fig_002.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKFCW76C7N%2F20260126%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260126T061451Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEGkaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJGMEQCIFSPnNbPKusZ7dTn9Va69LRR85%2FBx3afY6qmSWeIho1iAiAH2pNKmAFsPyVN5AMlP%2Fq21yqZxm6siQwqs4C06qfNmCq9BQgyEAIaDDk2MzEzNDI4OTk0MCIMUuBdyatHquOLPm73KpoFtsKZqoFoC3jb2Uz8e19DQWrq8YhWNKnixYar%2BUHw0e0LrUQ83JPX7zNxV6M%2FHScEe5iBF9meT8kwk%2BnyWYrYe2PfmXfT%2BtAdyTNwuot4vSqTitRfosbtOCcUTG%2FKq20YscGHctOxV6v0QpuilxnQwngmnrAe2Pr%2F%2FwYC61OtmMT4RtvNawV8VpzIHHujns29x4%2B3s120o8aLekdPdfOTPK%2Bqo8OHtW8Fc%2B5WZFuryUmj6ZWBBh10MBpfnVsXVw9EfhkVydaD72bNkFFU0II%2BC5luPCducmAUsSo%2BtN8EV3Nhxl47VPG1a4Hb3wf%2FMN0Ce7u7EWH2C2y2QN3olHqkJ8blYC%2FA5zFd7EiDkM8BAv8R1mLGX2Sgz9DZOBaw2FmQ3KDdWPX%2B4WR7yHg98Z0mnQP9%2BQeGnBnPjyBsM6BKGnxb37PHKhXJDyvpB2%2FmkSknoaamXVK4aksaegA5CvRtuC5dEdN0gncfq3yl0OTZbqlYx9KW0bX5DxB2RO7cOY1ldSeDClvHeImWPmmSfaPQvIBlM0iLon0pUvg0TjuqhwDXyBHO1enRs9i8qreJIx2x72Pp1lzwDMs%2Bns7%2FfYBpDE%2BjbcApC5f9YixK5zr8xJB%2B%2F9xImMbGxf0mtLnXPJBmVtxfpgETtT1lE1KVYOdeyxvqWwx04T6G%2BqRoTa1BqPHJ1OIPrOWx03RLrKbmRSORDWIxdwbxJic5KKRwh4UMV26lsKGtCgaMG05bQXoTqk%2BQMvCH7Ewlz45N%2FFnx85m6420y2GOtOHMTvQ6ZJD3ZTTcWDKO%2FyaPs3pwX9GKQbfYiV7U8CGQfu8s4BXFZeVSMQI7GPKu3VAGctZ5sUc1R0QMuKKQ0Zf6VuXu2twbZtqo4u9bQE%2B%2BLRQ3uMOv82ssGOrIBGsanr6VzQi27xnbERPwySBDaz8bNIsUiD78s5j4dam6X4wRwumImnFXf7vndUb%2FkzdzR4epat6UV9RuxfZrn6H%2BC0HATC%2FWvvyY32WNmT0J3BjgywvNSAOPyRGT3J1bQKSyL9ExKAjR%2FBaD2w9QyaxvC5wUmN2667Q1Bo8gZpJ5jBo3Hkl9%2Bhk6xT1pZQ3rditwtlN0sksQOl615%2F0i9XQdhEy8EJ7shripuMgUNh1s9yw%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=ca30477ed2c21a8b227a498a6a664b851d8e6a94fba9d422212db9a6b15062ca&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 3
![Graph of CPTu investigation results for Pile 1 (left graph) and Pile 2 (right graph) [9].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647379824e662f30ba53f85f/j_sgem-2021-0026_fig_003.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKFCW76C7N%2F20260126%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260126T061451Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEGkaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJGMEQCIFSPnNbPKusZ7dTn9Va69LRR85%2FBx3afY6qmSWeIho1iAiAH2pNKmAFsPyVN5AMlP%2Fq21yqZxm6siQwqs4C06qfNmCq9BQgyEAIaDDk2MzEzNDI4OTk0MCIMUuBdyatHquOLPm73KpoFtsKZqoFoC3jb2Uz8e19DQWrq8YhWNKnixYar%2BUHw0e0LrUQ83JPX7zNxV6M%2FHScEe5iBF9meT8kwk%2BnyWYrYe2PfmXfT%2BtAdyTNwuot4vSqTitRfosbtOCcUTG%2FKq20YscGHctOxV6v0QpuilxnQwngmnrAe2Pr%2F%2FwYC61OtmMT4RtvNawV8VpzIHHujns29x4%2B3s120o8aLekdPdfOTPK%2Bqo8OHtW8Fc%2B5WZFuryUmj6ZWBBh10MBpfnVsXVw9EfhkVydaD72bNkFFU0II%2BC5luPCducmAUsSo%2BtN8EV3Nhxl47VPG1a4Hb3wf%2FMN0Ce7u7EWH2C2y2QN3olHqkJ8blYC%2FA5zFd7EiDkM8BAv8R1mLGX2Sgz9DZOBaw2FmQ3KDdWPX%2B4WR7yHg98Z0mnQP9%2BQeGnBnPjyBsM6BKGnxb37PHKhXJDyvpB2%2FmkSknoaamXVK4aksaegA5CvRtuC5dEdN0gncfq3yl0OTZbqlYx9KW0bX5DxB2RO7cOY1ldSeDClvHeImWPmmSfaPQvIBlM0iLon0pUvg0TjuqhwDXyBHO1enRs9i8qreJIx2x72Pp1lzwDMs%2Bns7%2FfYBpDE%2BjbcApC5f9YixK5zr8xJB%2B%2F9xImMbGxf0mtLnXPJBmVtxfpgETtT1lE1KVYOdeyxvqWwx04T6G%2BqRoTa1BqPHJ1OIPrOWx03RLrKbmRSORDWIxdwbxJic5KKRwh4UMV26lsKGtCgaMG05bQXoTqk%2BQMvCH7Ewlz45N%2FFnx85m6420y2GOtOHMTvQ6ZJD3ZTTcWDKO%2FyaPs3pwX9GKQbfYiV7U8CGQfu8s4BXFZeVSMQI7GPKu3VAGctZ5sUc1R0QMuKKQ0Zf6VuXu2twbZtqo4u9bQE%2B%2BLRQ3uMOv82ssGOrIBGsanr6VzQi27xnbERPwySBDaz8bNIsUiD78s5j4dam6X4wRwumImnFXf7vndUb%2FkzdzR4epat6UV9RuxfZrn6H%2BC0HATC%2FWvvyY32WNmT0J3BjgywvNSAOPyRGT3J1bQKSyL9ExKAjR%2FBaD2w9QyaxvC5wUmN2667Q1Bo8gZpJ5jBo3Hkl9%2Bhk6xT1pZQ3rditwtlN0sksQOl615%2F0i9XQdhEy8EJ7shripuMgUNh1s9yw%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=5f1ec18d05c1f3b6572d7752d5eea2413d44292be22a539f4f4606bbc20904e6&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6a
Figure 6b
Figure 7a
Figure 7b
Figure 8a
Figure 8b
Figure 9a
Figure 9b
Figure 10a
Figure 10b
Static load test values for Pile 1_
| Dimensions | N2 [kN] | s2 [mm] | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pile nr 1 | D=0,8 m | 6100 | 14,05 |
| 5800 | 12,29 | ||
| 5500 | 10,42 | ||
| H=18,05 m | 5200 | 9,42 | |
| 4900 | 8,28 | ||
| 4600 | 7,21 | ||
| 4300 | 6,36 | ||
| Technology: CFA | 4000 | 5,64 | |
| 3700 | 4,75 | ||
| 3400 | 4,23 | ||
| 3100 | 3,56 | ||
| 2800 | 2,83 | ||
| 2400 | 2,24 | ||
| 2000 | 1,76 | ||
| 1600 | 1,27 | ||
| 1200 | 1,12 | ||
| 800 | 0,74 |
Static load test values for Pile_
| Dimensions | N2 [kN] | s2 [mm] | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pile nr 2 | D=0,8 m | 4800 | 25,46 |
| 4500 | 18,23 | ||
| 4200 | 13,28 | ||
| H=18,05 m | 3900 | 8,85 | |
| 3600 | 6,83 | ||
| 3300 | 5,48 | ||
| 3000 | 4,42 | ||
| Technology: CFA | 2700 | 3,6 | |
| 2400 | 2,89 | ||
| 2100 | 2,27 | ||
| 1800 | 1,69 | ||
| 1500 | 1,28 | ||
| 1200 | 0,98 | ||
| 900 | 0,7 | ||
| 600 | 0,43 | ||
| 300 | 0,2 |