Figure 1
![Final energy consumption by sectors (%) [13].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647378f34e662f30ba53f813/j_sgem-2019-0044_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKIEI4XKH2%2F20260316%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260316T040038Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEAAaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJGMEQCICxb5pbS5doLZnyseWkJL7iStd9Qn3mYfQzBLYmlH1L3AiA5DjGZdOApXq7DeQhZTRnX4EC3ZTTwxx9uzuvMcD0nnirFBQjJ%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F8BEAIaDDk2MzEzNDI4OTk0MCIMyuBtKSe08Qe7LwgiKpkFXDlIdYSSZICWxharGKMOyPZMbW4%2BPpj8Vj6i4THVVFYtwrfGQCM%2FbHTy1l%2Bez7Qut8WOpb2kidyZ%2BeiBZPTnj0hTLpva0RSBxLeUnUkFhYFEVhjDoPkFaUBzSUo1udKCc9YAWu5QlMR8MR4crBTT3fHibrSKweqGRT0YPHUZ7Fvl9NW%2BJdL1BU3pBOfhpO0pgZMDW8zqIh3c2bexI%2FKe4E%2FK85HHQ%2FmYFhMJX0TQMGkv2Ma6i9yn0UybTnQIgzKwfd7t08rYGKM7ULGaBjs3beFCwcN70orgnaWn227Ynaug2q6I4fmvT7Qo%2FFmqXINNx4CpH1sAna4TJmBVMU42VdMMr9Y3SdPdLugB%2FOthGNV3z1UWx5tVCa%2FRDOeTiqLQc6whckPhdoxXMyCt7AX511%2BScx31gans8p99jSZBqHNt9rauUTI8QlXVSZsnkT7PnuuCA26z2KBjfc2IzbJPwUg%2FjEi%2BuYGy7%2Faxfo9jJPPrABPGELIj641pOU1gC%2FB6yqbqXl6dFoSgSLMg5zkTihLWw3QPSGxrLCuyAV29jKAIQbQDQkh4ou4LgjyGxGMU4hd6y2MWBO%2Bg%2FlDV5d27QTMIpfS8IvaMKEqPTXxzTpwisa0IZ796AwJLN4ydE%2FrrRRuLOQcScojcTdxAfWE6bHM%2FU1SyCMzZ9g9Sn7QaH0tf2MKFiJz0Z9%2BxK4F1PI9CdvGq0KDqZqiRXK6RnwzrvSDS3Jih75NGcu0sV08QEXvr9dCP8cYOysROQdkxQadKV8peGBc%2Flw5zky99Lyksj64%2BUPHrLqfWWguUePgejeSsVGg13dM6Hm4t06FMrYNLA%2FMzssnREDMHtCC1zaCktc%2BHzroDAP2WGrOJaYe98lp8nn6tR3D30dUwsILdzQY6sgH8RK4DHoOlPVv4GtOnWCntka3BEtiflmbzzChBIkcEfDs5KDkVlBCWTFJQo%2FQ7bf1taDg5ly4F%2B7Cti%2BOKPw3Jm%2BF1wwJGlNSro1ZeZHzZXuL3eEpli8THZp5q7yg0I48eeeB4mCjm3TNGxnoa4t1RxBaLmq4O69eFF8lqEjWv3XpHfsZDLHtOMTAPpay9ImrSgvPXnQYlBEdoqLVJtm%2Blpg4bf3pBgxFieN1B47p0s8oU&X-Amz-Signature=0cf531bc6aefdf617869749b2a9c6b8e3599eff5e05d14a13e62f8f2820c3166&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 2
![Final energy consumption by sector (million tonnes of oil equivalent) [13].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647378f34e662f30ba53f813/j_sgem-2019-0044_fig_002.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKIEI4XKH2%2F20260316%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260316T040038Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEAAaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJGMEQCICxb5pbS5doLZnyseWkJL7iStd9Qn3mYfQzBLYmlH1L3AiA5DjGZdOApXq7DeQhZTRnX4EC3ZTTwxx9uzuvMcD0nnirFBQjJ%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F8BEAIaDDk2MzEzNDI4OTk0MCIMyuBtKSe08Qe7LwgiKpkFXDlIdYSSZICWxharGKMOyPZMbW4%2BPpj8Vj6i4THVVFYtwrfGQCM%2FbHTy1l%2Bez7Qut8WOpb2kidyZ%2BeiBZPTnj0hTLpva0RSBxLeUnUkFhYFEVhjDoPkFaUBzSUo1udKCc9YAWu5QlMR8MR4crBTT3fHibrSKweqGRT0YPHUZ7Fvl9NW%2BJdL1BU3pBOfhpO0pgZMDW8zqIh3c2bexI%2FKe4E%2FK85HHQ%2FmYFhMJX0TQMGkv2Ma6i9yn0UybTnQIgzKwfd7t08rYGKM7ULGaBjs3beFCwcN70orgnaWn227Ynaug2q6I4fmvT7Qo%2FFmqXINNx4CpH1sAna4TJmBVMU42VdMMr9Y3SdPdLugB%2FOthGNV3z1UWx5tVCa%2FRDOeTiqLQc6whckPhdoxXMyCt7AX511%2BScx31gans8p99jSZBqHNt9rauUTI8QlXVSZsnkT7PnuuCA26z2KBjfc2IzbJPwUg%2FjEi%2BuYGy7%2Faxfo9jJPPrABPGELIj641pOU1gC%2FB6yqbqXl6dFoSgSLMg5zkTihLWw3QPSGxrLCuyAV29jKAIQbQDQkh4ou4LgjyGxGMU4hd6y2MWBO%2Bg%2FlDV5d27QTMIpfS8IvaMKEqPTXxzTpwisa0IZ796AwJLN4ydE%2FrrRRuLOQcScojcTdxAfWE6bHM%2FU1SyCMzZ9g9Sn7QaH0tf2MKFiJz0Z9%2BxK4F1PI9CdvGq0KDqZqiRXK6RnwzrvSDS3Jih75NGcu0sV08QEXvr9dCP8cYOysROQdkxQadKV8peGBc%2Flw5zky99Lyksj64%2BUPHrLqfWWguUePgejeSsVGg13dM6Hm4t06FMrYNLA%2FMzssnREDMHtCC1zaCktc%2BHzroDAP2WGrOJaYe98lp8nn6tR3D30dUwsILdzQY6sgH8RK4DHoOlPVv4GtOnWCntka3BEtiflmbzzChBIkcEfDs5KDkVlBCWTFJQo%2FQ7bf1taDg5ly4F%2B7Cti%2BOKPw3Jm%2BF1wwJGlNSro1ZeZHzZXuL3eEpli8THZp5q7yg0I48eeeB4mCjm3TNGxnoa4t1RxBaLmq4O69eFF8lqEjWv3XpHfsZDLHtOMTAPpay9ImrSgvPXnQYlBEdoqLVJtm%2Blpg4bf3pBgxFieN1B47p0s8oU&X-Amz-Signature=3972f77981970bfd49b48f5bedbc755c1b90acc02d0c68a1ff67aa2592d8cc0c&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 3
![Types of ventilated facades: (a) open joint and (b) closed joint [14].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647378f34e662f30ba53f813/j_sgem-2019-0044_fig_003.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKIEI4XKH2%2F20260316%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260316T040038Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEAAaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJGMEQCICxb5pbS5doLZnyseWkJL7iStd9Qn3mYfQzBLYmlH1L3AiA5DjGZdOApXq7DeQhZTRnX4EC3ZTTwxx9uzuvMcD0nnirFBQjJ%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F8BEAIaDDk2MzEzNDI4OTk0MCIMyuBtKSe08Qe7LwgiKpkFXDlIdYSSZICWxharGKMOyPZMbW4%2BPpj8Vj6i4THVVFYtwrfGQCM%2FbHTy1l%2Bez7Qut8WOpb2kidyZ%2BeiBZPTnj0hTLpva0RSBxLeUnUkFhYFEVhjDoPkFaUBzSUo1udKCc9YAWu5QlMR8MR4crBTT3fHibrSKweqGRT0YPHUZ7Fvl9NW%2BJdL1BU3pBOfhpO0pgZMDW8zqIh3c2bexI%2FKe4E%2FK85HHQ%2FmYFhMJX0TQMGkv2Ma6i9yn0UybTnQIgzKwfd7t08rYGKM7ULGaBjs3beFCwcN70orgnaWn227Ynaug2q6I4fmvT7Qo%2FFmqXINNx4CpH1sAna4TJmBVMU42VdMMr9Y3SdPdLugB%2FOthGNV3z1UWx5tVCa%2FRDOeTiqLQc6whckPhdoxXMyCt7AX511%2BScx31gans8p99jSZBqHNt9rauUTI8QlXVSZsnkT7PnuuCA26z2KBjfc2IzbJPwUg%2FjEi%2BuYGy7%2Faxfo9jJPPrABPGELIj641pOU1gC%2FB6yqbqXl6dFoSgSLMg5zkTihLWw3QPSGxrLCuyAV29jKAIQbQDQkh4ou4LgjyGxGMU4hd6y2MWBO%2Bg%2FlDV5d27QTMIpfS8IvaMKEqPTXxzTpwisa0IZ796AwJLN4ydE%2FrrRRuLOQcScojcTdxAfWE6bHM%2FU1SyCMzZ9g9Sn7QaH0tf2MKFiJz0Z9%2BxK4F1PI9CdvGq0KDqZqiRXK6RnwzrvSDS3Jih75NGcu0sV08QEXvr9dCP8cYOysROQdkxQadKV8peGBc%2Flw5zky99Lyksj64%2BUPHrLqfWWguUePgejeSsVGg13dM6Hm4t06FMrYNLA%2FMzssnREDMHtCC1zaCktc%2BHzroDAP2WGrOJaYe98lp8nn6tR3D30dUwsILdzQY6sgH8RK4DHoOlPVv4GtOnWCntka3BEtiflmbzzChBIkcEfDs5KDkVlBCWTFJQo%2FQ7bf1taDg5ly4F%2B7Cti%2BOKPw3Jm%2BF1wwJGlNSro1ZeZHzZXuL3eEpli8THZp5q7yg0I48eeeB4mCjm3TNGxnoa4t1RxBaLmq4O69eFF8lqEjWv3XpHfsZDLHtOMTAPpay9ImrSgvPXnQYlBEdoqLVJtm%2Blpg4bf3pBgxFieN1B47p0s8oU&X-Amz-Signature=758ca5cf5cc1932ac3bb79f7572cd5a51906bfd7722191149ab85335167735d4&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
Chart 1
Characteristic values of temperature_
| P1 | P3 | P7 | P10/P17 | P11/P14/P20 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Localisation | Starting point | 40 cm from the wall | Internal edge of the | Air cavity | External edge of | |||||
| Standard facade | 293.15 K (20°C) | 100% | 319.07 K (45.92°C) | 100% | 342.73 K (69.58°C) | 100% | - | - | 341.51 K (68.36°C) | 100% |
| Closed-joint ventilated facade | 293.15 K (20°C) | 100% | 303.96 K (30.81°C) | 95,3% | 315.34 K (42.19°C) | 92.0% | 313.81 K (40.66°C) | 99.3% | 340.93 K (67.78°C) | 99.8% |
| Open-joint ventilated facade | 293.15 K (20°C) | 100% | 303.55 K (30.40°C) | 95,1% | 313.91 K (40.76°C) | 91.6% | 316.02 K (42.87°C) | 100% | 338.59 K (65.44°C) | 99.1% |
Thermodynamic parameters of materials_
| Materials | Density (kg/m3) | Specific Heat (J/[kg·K]) | Thermal Conductivity (W/[m·K]) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Silicate blocks | 1900 | 880 | 0.800 |
| Polyurethane – insulation | 30 | 133 | 0.0207 |
| Fibre cement boards | 1800 | 920 | 0.400 |