Fig. 1
The circle of declining rural regions.
Source: adapted from OECD (2006).
Table 1
The rural coordination game.
| Immobile invests locally | Immobile abstains from investing | |
|---|---|---|
| Mobile stays in rural region | Y, Y | Wr, Wr |
| Mobile moves to urban region | Wu, 0 | Wu, Wr |
[i] Source: Petrick (2013: 714).
Table 2
Indicators used for the SSRR index.
| Indicator | Calculation | Source |
|---|---|---|
| GDP per capita (PPS) | No calculation needed | Eurostat |
| Employment rate | Number of persons employed | Eurostat |
| Population (15 to 64 years) | ||
| Net Business Creation | Births – Deaths of enterprises | Eurostat |
| Population (15 to 64 years) | ||
| Crude rate of net migration | No calculation needed | Eurostat |
[i] Source: own work.
Table 3
Descriptive statistics of SSRR index for Austria, 2008–2015.
| 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Minimum | 0.16 | 0.12 | 0.19 | 0.13 | 0.16 | 0.19 | 0.23 | 0.17 |
| Maximum | 0.80 | 0.81 | 0.79 | 0.74 | 0.83 | 0.80 | 0.67 | 0.59 |
| Mean | 0.42 | 0.35 | 0.42 | 0.39 | 0.42 | 0.48 | 0.44 | 0.41 |
| Standard deviation | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.15 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.10 |
| Coefficient of variation1 | 38.09 | 45.71 | 35.71 | 41.02 | 35.71 | 25.00 | 27.27 | 24.39 |
Table 4
Number and percentage of rural regions in each class for Austria, 2008–2015.
| Class | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I – Structurally strong | 4 17% | 5 21% | 5 21% | 4 17% | 4 17% | 3 13% | 4 17% | 3 13% |
| II – Moderately strong | 9 38% | 5 21% | 7 29% | 6 25% | 9 38% | 9 38% | 10 42% | 10 42% |
| III – Moderately weak | 6 25% | 10 42% | 7 29% | 10 42% | 7 29% | 8 33% | 5 21% | 7 29% |
| IV – Structurally weak | 5 21% | 4 17% | 5 21% | 4 17% | 4 17% | 4 17% | 5 21% | 4 17% |
[i] Source: own calculations using data from Eurostat.
Fig. 2
Classification of rural regions based on SSRR index for Austria in 2008 and 2015.
Source: own calculations using data from Eurostat.
Table 5
Descriptive statistics of SSRR index for Portugal, 2008–2015.
| 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Minimum | 0.14 | 0.36 | 0.34 | 0.22 | 0.10 | 0.13 | 0.24 | 0.12 |
| Maximum | 0.77 | 0.61 | 0.68 | 0.72 | 0.89 | 0.56 | 0.82 | 0.78 |
| Mean | 0.36 | 0.49 | 0.48 | 0.40 | 0.47 | 0.36 | 0.57 | 0.45 |
| Standard deviation | 0.16 | 0.07 | 0.10 | 0.14 | 0.20 | 0.14 | 0.16 | 0.17 |
| Coefficient of variation | 44.44 | 14.28 | 20.83 | 35.00 | 42.55 | 38.89 | 28.07 | 37.78 |
[i] Source: own calculations using data from Eurostat.
Table 6
Number and percentage of rural regions in each class for Portugal, 2008–2015
| Class | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I – Structurally strong | 2 13% | 4 25% | 2 13% | 3 19% | 3 19% | 4 25% | 3 19% | 2 13% |
| II – Moderately strong | 5 31% | 3 19% | 6 38% | 4 25% | 5 31% | 3 19% | 6 38% | 7 44% |
| III – Moderately weak | 7 44% | 7 44% | 5 31% | 6 38% | 7 44% | 5 31% | 4 25% | 5 31% |
| IV – Structurally weak | 2 13% | 2 13% | 3 19% | 3 19% | 1 6% | 4 25% | 3 19% | 2 13% |
[i] Source: own calculations using data from Eurostat.
Fig. 3
Classification of rural regions based on SSRR index for Portugal in 2008 and 2015.
Source: own calculations using data from Eurostat.
Fig. 4
Raw breakdown for the indicators of SSRR index for Osttirol, 2008 to 2015.
Source: own calculations using data from Eurostat.
Fig. 5
Raw breakdown for indicators of SSRR index for Alentejo Central, 2008 to 2015.
Source: own calculations using data from Eurostat.