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        <title>Quaestiones Geographicae Feed</title>
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        <copyright>All rights reserved 2026, Adam Mickiewicz University</copyright>
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            <title><![CDATA[Envisioning Sustainability Futures' Competencies in Higher Geography Education: How Context Shapes Students' Perspectives and Sustainable Development Goals' Awareness]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.14746/quageo-2026-0035</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 30 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This study explores the development of sustainability-related competencies, with a particular focus on envisioning sustainable futures (ESF), among university geography students. It examines the relative influence of formal, non-formal, and informal educational factors on students' competence formation and their awareness of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). A scaled self-assessment survey was conducted with 132 students from two Central European universities in Poland and Czechia. ESF competence scores were analysed in relation to students' sociodemo-graphic characteristics and their self-perceived learning conditions. The results reveal differences in ESF competence levels, particularly across study programmes. Students enrolled in environmental management-oriented programmes achieved the highest mean ESF scores (M = 4.36), outperforming (Cohen's d = 0.82) their peers in thematic and general geography programmes (M = 3.65) as well as in teacher education programmes (M = 3.58). While formal education factors – such as interdisciplinary curriculum content (rs = 0.42) and problem-based learning (rs = 0.64) – together with non-formal factors, such as participation in popular science events (rs = 0.79), contribute to ESF development, informal learning through family and community (rs = 0.43) and engagement in virtual environments (rs = 0.38) play an equal, if not, more significant role. These trends are consistent across both universities. Higher ESF competence levels were positively associated with prioritising more complex SDGs, particularly those addressing climate change. The findings highlight the university's responsibility and the importance of geography education in preparing students for a sustainable future.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Influence of Climate Change and Settlement on Lithology of Peat Deposits in the Zielonka Forest (Central-Western Poland)]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.14746/quageo-2026-0036</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 23 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Peat deposits preserve records of palaeoecosystems, their evolution and their relation with human activity. Lithological analysis of mineral material in peat allows us to identify the processes and conditions that accompany environmental evolution. In this paper, the results of a lithological investigation of a mire located in the subglacial valley of the Trojanka River in the Zielonka Forest (central-western Poland) are presented, aiming to reconstruct processes associated with climate shift and human activity in the vicinity of the mire. For this purpose, four peat cores from the foot of a conical hillfort were collected and subjected to laboratory analyses. AMS 14C dating was performed on nine samples from core GL I, indicating that the profile covers the period since 850 ± 30 BP. LOI laser diffraction and grain-size analyses were conducted. The results indicate that the peat was enriched with coarser mineral fractions, which may reflect periods of increased fluvial activity of the Trojanka River. The earliest phase of intensified fluvial activity was recorded in the 11th century. The transition from the MWP to the LIA in the first half of the 16th century is reflected in mineral alluvial layers deposited during significant rises in water level. The study shows that the presence of the conical hillfort did not have a significant influence on the enrichment of peat with slope-derived material. Peat formed during the LIA and in modern times is characterised by a high accumulation rate and a higher mineral matter content compared to peat deposits formed during the MWP.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Genesis of Deep Lakes of the łęCzna-WłOdawa Lakeland – Case Study of Lake Piaseczno (Polesie Lubelskie, East Poland)]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.14746/quageo-2026-0030</link>
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            <pubDate>Thu, 17 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The origin of the lake basins in the Łęczna-Włodawa Lakeland is not clearly explained. Therefore, field and desk research were undertaken to clarify the origin and development of the deep lake basins. These lakes have basins formed in loose Quaternary rocks, situated above deep, fossil valleys in tectonic zones, and bordered by lacustrine and fluvial sediments. These sediments originate from the Odranian and Vistulian glaciations. The basins have a funnel-like shape and consist of one or two depressions. Based on the conducted research and literature analysis concerning the studied lakes, it was determined that these basins are polygenetic. In the initial stage, shallow closed depressions were formed because of fluvial or thermokarst processes. During the main stadial of the Vistulian glaciation, the development of permafrost led to increased groundwater pressure and hydraulic breakthrough within shallow water bodies located in tectonically active zones. Water emerging from the resulting limnocrenes carried sands and silts to the forefield. The remnants of these flows are preserved as winding and narrow valleys. Therefore, the deep lake basins have a fluvio-ascensional origin.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Application of Sentinel-2 Level 1C Satellite Imagery for Inland Surface Water Bodies Detection in Temperate Climates Based on Water Indices]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.14746/quageo-2026-0024</link>
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            <pubDate>Thu, 17 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This study evaluates the effectiveness of selected spectral indices – Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) and Sentinel Water Mask (SWM) – for detecting surface water using Sentinel-2 Level 1C satellite imagery in temperate climate conditions. Analyses were conducted for two study areas in the middle Vistula River basin, including the main river channel, tributaries and small water bodies. The temporal scope (2019–2022) allowed assessment of the applicability of the indices to environmental change monitoring. All three indices demonstrated high accuracy in detecting large water bodies, but their performance varied when identifying smaller water features. NDWI exhibited the highest qualitative and quantitative performance, with the best overall accuracy and kappa coefficient, and showed the greatest scene-to-scene consistency. SWM produced moderate results, while MNDWI performed the least effectively. The findings confirm that the index performance depends on both algorithm characteristics and environmental or imagery parameters. Therefore, testing multiple indices is recommended to select the most suitable one for specific study areas and research objectives.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Building and Decorative Stones in the Sacral and Secular Architecture of the Sandomierz Upland and Its Geotourism and Geoeducational Potential]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.14746/quageo-2026-0028</link>
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            <pubDate>Sat, 29 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The main goal of this study is to inventory and describe the geological characteristics of local and regional types of rocks that were applied in secular and sacral architecture of the Sandomierz Upland. Field reconnaissance of leading historical stone masonry centres in the regarded area and evaluation of their resources in the investigated objects in relation to architectural style were carried out. Special attention was paid to the current state of preservation of geosites as well as suitability for the implementation of geotourism and the geoeducational process. In the course of investigations and final evaluation, it was stated that in walls, floors, main altars, portals, epitaphs, fonts, stoups and other elements of architecture, especially of the churches, Devonian black limestone from Dębnik, Devonian Bolechowice and Jurassic Morawica limestone, Kunów Jurassic sandstone, Upper Cretaceous limestone from Janików, and Miocene limestone prevail. Despite the high geotourism and geoeducational potential associated with the geological history and structure of the Holy Cross Mountains region, the use of building and decorative stones in secular and sacred objects within the regarded area, apart from the Kunów town, Janików village and Świślina river valley, is very weakly promoted. There are information boards or geotourism guides, leaflets and thematic trails devoted to this precious regional geological heritage.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Hydrodynamics of the Hyporheic Zone as a Determinant of Habitat Conditions and Growth of Water Crowfoots (Ranunculus Sp.)]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.14746/quageo-2026-0033</link>
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            <pubDate>Thu, 27 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The morphology of river channels, hydraulic conditions, and associated fluvial processes exert a strong influence on the development of aquatic organisms. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of filtration flux and hydraulic gradient within the hyporheic zone on habitat suitability of the growth of water crowfoot (Ranunculus section Batrachium, Plantae) patches in lowland rivers of the temperate zone. Conditions governing water exchange in the hyporheic zone were quantified based on empirical data collected between 2017 and 2019 at 41 study sites. Newly developed instruments – a gradientometer and a filtrometer – designed by one of the authors, were employed during field measurements. At most surveyed sites, hyporheic zones occupied by water crowfoots were characterised by dominant groundwater upwelling. Moreover, filtration flux in unvegetated sections of the riverbed was observed to be five times higher than in areas covered by water crowfoots. These findings support the hypothesis that groundwater upwelling in the hyporheic zone may primarily influence the establishment and growth of water crowfoot patches. However, further development of this vegetation can act as physical barriers that trap sediments, significantly reducing the filtration stream. Consequently, identifying the hydrodynamic properties of river sections colonised by these macrophytes is critical for developing and implementing natural river management strategies and for conserving the ecosystems they support.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Hypothermia as an Urban Public-Health Risk: A Case Study of Lublin, Poland]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.14746/quageo-2026-0032</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 26 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Hypothermia remains an important yet under-recognised public health hazard in temperate climate cities. This study analyses the incidence and meteorological background of hypothermia in Lublin, the largest city in eastern Poland, and evaluates the usefulness of the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) in identifying periods of increased cold-related risk. We examined 372 Emergency Medical Service call-outs classified as hypothermia during 2022–2023. Meteorological data were obtained from the Hydrology and Climatology Observatory of Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin. Lublin’s Municipal Crisis Management Plan (MPZK 2023) was reviewed to interpret results in relation to operational thresholds. A total of 185 (2022) and 187 (2023) incidents were recorded, with men accounting for 72% of all cases. Call-outs peaked between November and January and during morning hours (06:00–12:00). The frequency of interventions increased with lower air temperature, higher relative humidity and moderate wind speed (2–4 m · s−1). Most cases occurred under UTCI categories indicating moderate or strong cold stress (SCS), confirming the index’s potential as an early warning tool. Despite ongoing climate warming, hypothermia continues to threaten vulnerable groups – particularly homeless individuals, older adults and persons with substance use disorders. Integrating UTCI-based alerts into municipal emergency management procedures and targeted support programs could help reduce cold-related morbidity in urban environments.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The Effect of Livestock Grazing on the Chemical Properties of Soils in Summer Livestock Camps in the Fann Mountains (Tajikistan)]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.14746/quageo-2026-0019</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 26 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[High-mountain pastoral landscapes in Central Asia remain well preserved, providing an opportunity to assess the impact of pastoral activities on the natural environment. This study was conducted in the Fann Mountains (Tajikistan), where spring–summer grazing occurs. Areas where cattle rest during the day or night are known as qutans (summer cattle camps). This study aimed to analyse soil properties and their variability along a transect passing through summer cattle camps on geomorphologically diverse terrain. The studied soils are shallow and often lack their original humus horizon. On steep slopes, soil development is limited, whereas in low-slope areas, a thick organic layer accumulates due to animal excrement. Most soils were neutral to slightly alkaline in H2O (pH 6.4–7.7), while pH in KCl ranged from 5.9 to 7.6. Organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) contents varied widely, ranging from 1.08% to 29.69% and 0.136% to 2.425%, respectively. Total phosphorus (TP) concentrations ranged from 201 mg·kg−1 to 13.520 mg·kg−1, higher than the available phosphorus (AP: 4.36-4120 mg·kg−1) for plants in all examined soil horizons. Elevated concentrations of TN, TOC and TP were observed in the central part of the qutans, where limited surface runoff and the accumulation of additional organic matter transported from higher elevations contribute to increased organic matter content in these areas.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Debris-Flow (Torrent) Cones Triggered by Extreme Rainfall During the June 2020 Flash-Flood Event in the Eastern Polish Flysch Carpathians]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.14746/quageo-2026-0029</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 26 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The immediate cause of debris-flow cones formation was the short-lived but intense rainfall on 26 June 2020, which affected catchments of small rivers (ranging from several dozen to 200 km2) located in the Carpathian Foothills (300–500 m a.s.l.). The issue of debris-flow cones formation is presented in the context of the geomorphological effects of flash floods in selected catchments of the middle San River basin during the June 2020 events. Torrential cones were formed by debris-mud flows in forested, steeply inclined (&gt;10%) V-shaped valleys (with catchment areas below 1.5 km−2). Valley incision reached approximately 1.0–1.5 m. Based on the type and grain size of the deposited material, three cone types were distinguished: 1) larger debris cones containing rock blocks up to 90 cm in diameter, 2) smaller silty-debris cones, composed mainly of clasts and soil-derived sands with a minor share of coarse debris, and 3) silty-sandy fan deltas, whose accumulation resulted from a temporary blockage of flow. The triggering of debris flows and the formation of torrential cones require hourly rainfall intensities of at least 40–50 mm (daily total around 80 mm). An important factor in the initiation of debris and mud flows is the antecedent phase preceding the main rainfall event. In this case, 11 days with rainfall before the downpour on 26 June 2020, led to the saturation of surface deposits, which facilitated the activation of flows and the transport of debris-water masses within the valleys.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Hydrochemical Characteristics of River/Groundwater Exchange in the Hyporheic Zone of the Struga Dobieszkowska Suburban Stream (LóDź Agglomeration, Poland)]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.14746/quageo-2026-0034</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 26 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The hyporheic zone (HZ) performs important filtering functions contributing to the reduction of pollutants from surface waters. It can be important in areas where the watercourse is subjected to strong human pressure. The study aimed to identify the hydrochemical conditions of the potential HZ of a spring watercourse in an area subjected to strong settlement pressure in the suburban area of Łódź. The study was conducted in two measurement periods: spring (April–May 2021) and autumn–winter (November–January 2021/2022). On the 860-metre section of the northern arm of the Struga Dobieszkowska watercourse (NSD) following parameters were measured: vertical hydraulic gradients (VHG) in the riverbed, physicochemical properties, and concentrations of mineral forms of nutrients in river, spring and hyporheic waters. The ratio of points with positive VHG to those with negative VHG was at a similar level in both research cycles, i.e., 78:21 and 74:18. The flow rate ranged from 20.7 to 22.3 dm3 · s−1. Research indicates that in downwelling zones, there are favourable conditions for the occurrence of water self-purification processes.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Spatial Estimation of Soil Erosion Using Rusle Modelling: A Case Study of Muger River Watershed, Ethiopia]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.14746/quageo-2026-0031</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 26 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Soil erosion poses a severe environmental challenge in Ethiopian highlands, threatening agricultural productivity, water quality, and rural livelihoods. This study evaluated soil erosion dynamics over 24 years (2001–2025) in the Muger River Watershed using the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) model integrated with geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing. The assessment incorporated rainfall erosivity (R), soil erodibility (K), slope length-steepness (LS), cover management (C), and conservation support practice (P) factors derived from multisource geospatial datasets. Multitemporal analysis revealed a substantial decrease in soil erosion rates, with mean annual soil loss declining from 4.80 Mg·ha−1·yr−1 in 2001 to 2.18 Mg·ha−1·yr−1 in 2025, representing a 54.7% reduction. Areas classified as low erosion risk (0–5 Mg·ha−1·yr−1) expanded from 70.6% to 88.0% of the watershed, while zones exceeding 10 Mg·ha−1·yr−1 decreased from 13.7% to 3.8%. The most pronounced improvement occurred on steep slopes (&gt;25°), where erosion rates declined by 72.8%. Climate variability analysis confirmed no significant rainfall-trend over the study period (p = 0.262), indicating that the observed reduction is attributable to land cover change and conservation interventions rather than shifts in precipitation. Sensitivity analysis revealed that the spatial distribution of erosion is primarily governed by topography, while temporal changes are associated with improvements in the cover management factor, which decreased from 0.183 to 0.119. These findings provide a quantitative basis for evaluating conservation effectiveness and informing soil conservation planning in the Ethiopian highlands.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Breaking Barriers: An International Perspective on Preferences and Challenges of Tourists with Disabilities]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.14746/quageo-2026-0025</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The fragmentation of national approaches underscores the need for international research to better understand the preferences and limitations of tourist travel for people with disabilities (PwD). This study, conducted between 2023 and 2024 on 1175 PwD across eight European countries, follows a standardised methodology under the Erasmus+ programme. It examines participation, preferences, and barriers in tourism based on disability type, providing a broader, cross-national perspective. The presentation of findings in multiple national languages ensures the inclusion of diverse PwD voices in the global discussion. The results highlight differences in endogenic and exogenic factors influencing travel decisions and experiences, as well as varying needs for support and accessibility solutions. Key conclusions emphasise the need for further research and action in three areas: barriers to travel differ by disability type; need for pre-travel support systems; and customised assistance and accessibility solutions. Beyond their academic value, these findings have significant practical implications for the tourism industry, supporting the development of more inclusive services, improving service quality, and enhancing market competitiveness.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Electrification of the Railway Network in Poland After 2004]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.14746/quageo-2026-0026</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[In the context of sustainable development and the implementation of the European Union’s transport and climate policy objectives, the development of rail transport is important. Electrification of railway lines makes it possible to increase its efficiency and reduce its impact on the environment. In Poland, after a period of decline in the importance of rail transport at the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century, this trend was reversed under the influence of European Union policy and the possibility of financing investments with European funds. In recent years, many railway lines have been modernised and the electrification process, which was stopped in the mid-1990s, has been resumed.The aim of the research is to identify current factors and trends for change in the electrification of the railway network in Poland. An analysis of publicly available statistical data and information published by the infrastructure manager was carried out. The analysis covered changes in the length of electrified lines, as well as their location and significance. It also identified the railway operators managing electrified lines in Poland. The electrification discussed in the article is an important element of the process of modernisation of railway transport in Poland. It consists of both infrastructure development – expansion of electrified railway lines and rolling stock replacement. The process of further electrification of rail transport in Poland is part of a general trend emerging from EU climate policy.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[From the City as a System to the System of Cities: The Systemic Approach to Urban Planning]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.14746/quageo-2026-0021</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Formulated by Ludwig von Bertalanffy, the general systems theory was quickly put to use in many other fields of science and technology, as well as in geography and spatial management, including urban and regional planning, but on a relatively modest scale. This article, theoretical and methodological in character, presents selected aspects of the application of this theory in planning the development and spatial land use of territorial units with particular emphasis on cities1. A city, which is the subject of the research, and also the sets of cities gaining global importance called world cities, creating an urban system, are treated as a system, and specifically, a territorial social system. Next to the presentation of a general system model, systems approaches, the conception of a territorial social system which is a city, as well as an organicist systemic model of a city and the related functioning of it, understood as its life, a systems approach was referred to the urban system, the elements of which are cities–territorial systems. The study also invokes other theories and concepts that allow determining the structure and functioning of territorial units (Leontief’s input–output; gravity and potential models) and operation of systems (Prigogine’s self-organisation). In addition, next to theoretical and methodological, the publication also includes a practical aspect, which is the possibility of using a systems approach in planning the development and spatial land use of cities and solving occurring problems2.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Beyond the Gaze: How Participatory Tourism Produces Social Space]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.14746/quageo-2026-0016</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This article investigates participatory tourism through two objectives: clarifying how experiential forms of travel contribute to tourists’ pursuit of authenticity and subjectivity and examining how these practices shape the social production of space. Responding to gaps in existing tourism theory, the study employs a conceptual research design based on theory adaptation. Drawing on Henri Lefebvre’s spatial triad and revisiting foundational ideas from MacCannell and Urry, we synthesise contemporary literature with illustrative case observations to construct a theoretical framework suitable for understanding participatory tourism within modern social conditions. The analysis demonstrates that participatory tourism, with its demand for experience, challenges traditional models portraying tourists as passive recipients of staged authenticity. Activities such as long-term stays, volunteer engagements, and experience-based interactions enable tourists to step beyond scripted frontstage environments and engage with spaces commonly reserved for residents. These practices illuminate how travellers renegotiate their social roles and reclaim agency in shaping their travel experiences. Using Lefebvre’s concepts, we show how such forms of participation contribute to the production of social space by blending perceived, conceived, and lived dimensions, often extending tourist influence into everyday and residential settings. The study further highlights how digital platforms and online interactions, while not treated as empirical objects of measurement, function as mechanisms through which tourists participate in spatial meaning-making. Overall, the article argues that Lefebvre’s framework offers a productive lens for understanding participatory tourism as a socially generative phenomenon and for reconsidering the evolving roles of tourists within contemporary tourism spaces.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Strategic Planning in Polish Municipalities and the Quadruple Helix Approach: An Analysis of the Relationship Between Local Stakeholder Involvement and Strategy Development Methods]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.14746/quageo-2026-0023</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This article focuses on the tools used in the strategic planning process and the involvement of various stakeholder groups based on the results of a survey. A computer-assisted web interview (CAWI) survey was conducted for the purposes of this study. Of the responses received, 150 were used for the analysis in this article. The most commonly used methods for developing strategies within the study group are SWOT analysis, whilst the most popular techniques for gathering information are open and internal workshops, statistical data analysis and surveys. An attempt to verify three hypotheses indicates that the broad involvement of stakeholders (quadruple helix approach) favours the diversity of methods used, but it is still unknown whether it influences the use of the scenario approach. The analysis also did not confirm a statistically significant relationship between the size of the municipality and the use of advanced planning techniques. The results of the study indicate the need for further exploration of this subject area in order to clarify the basic relationships.]]></description>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Urban and Geographic Aspects of Building Height in Former Provincial Capitals in Poland]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.14746/quageo-2026-0018</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Building height is a significant indicator of spatial, social, and economic changes in cities. This study aimed to analyse the variation in average building heights across former provincial capitals in Poland, which lost their administrative status following the 1999 administrative reform. The analysis covered 31 urban centres and utilised data from ALS LiDAR aerial laser scanning (digital surface model – DSM and digital terrain model – DTM) alongside BDOT10k topographic database, enabling precise assessment of building geometry. Average building heights were calculated for entire cities and within radii of 1, 2, 3 and 5 km from designated city centres. The results reveal a clear overall trend towards taller buildings being concentrated in city centres, with average building height decreasing with distance from the core. However, exceptions were identified, e.g., in Konin, where building height increases with distance from the city centre. The highest average building heights across rentier city were observed in Legnica (10.4 m), Elbląg (9.99 m), and Bielsko-Biała (9.09 m), while the lowest were recorded in Sieradz (7.70 m) and Skierniewice (7.71 m). Additionally, a k-means clustering analysis distinguished two groups of cities, revealing a tendency for taller buildings in western Poland. Statistical correlation analysis also showed a strong relationship between average building height and population size, suggesting that urbanisation and population growth are key drivers of vertical development. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of urban development patterns in Poland and offer valuable insights for spatial planners and policymakers. The results may support sustainable urban development and more effective land-use planning, particularly in balancing growth with the quality of life for residents in the context of ongoing urbanisation.]]></description>
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        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[From Allies to Neighbours: Unravelling the Impact of Foreign Military Presence on Local Communities in Poland]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.14746/quageo-2026-0017</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This article analyses the multifaceted impact of foreign military presence (FMP) on local communities in Poland, with a particular focus on the broader social, economic, and environmental consequences of foreign military bases (FMBs). Grounded in an interdisciplinary theoretical framework drawing on concepts from regional development, behavioural geography, and sociology, the study explores how the presence of NATO forces transforms local spaces and civil-military relations in a post-socialist country. Employing a mixed-methods approach that integrates both qualitative and quantitative techniques and draws on diverse data analysis methods, the article examines four locations hosting foreign military infrastructure. The findings reveal a complex and context-dependent picture of FMB impacts on local communities which report numerous social and economic benefits while also expressing concerns related to environmental degradation, infrastructural burdens, and perceived security risks. Public attitudes towards FMP are shaped by a range of socio-demographic and contextual factors, including the previously rotational nature of troop deployments, which has hindered the development of long-term integration. The study also highlights a discrepancy in social attitudes between local leaders and residents. The article concludes with recommendations aimed at enhancing civil-military cooperation and supporting more sustainable and inclusive local development strategies. It also outlines directions for future research, particularly comparative studies in other regions experiencing intensified foreign military engagement.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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            <title><![CDATA[Determinants of Cross-Border Activity in the Sme Sector of Eastern Eu Border Regions Before the Pandemic]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.14746/quageo-2026-0022</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.14746/quageo-2026-0022</guid>
            <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This study analyses the factors influencing cross-border business activity of companies located in the cross-border region of Poland, which is also the eastern border of the EU (neighbouring the Russian Federation, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine and Slovakia). The paper examines the key determinants of cross-border business activity by analysing survey data collected from 338 firms located within 70 km of the border. Using logit models incorporating regional, sectoral and country-fixed effects, the factors influencing the likelihood of firms engaging in foreign market activities are compared with general internationalisation determinants.The results indicate that firm size, comprehensive knowledge of the cross-border market and cooperation with other entities already active in the target market are the primary drivers of cross-border internationalisation. Furthermore, the findings reveal significant geographic heterogeneity in the agglomeration effect: the concentration of firms already present in a cross-border market stimulates new entries more strongly in markets characterised by higher institutional uncertainty, such as Belarus and Ukraine, than in more stable environments.The study contributes to the literature by demonstrating how the interplay between knowledge-based and spatial factors shapes cross-border engagement in institutionally diverse and geopolitically sensitive border regions. The findings also suggest that policy interventions should be more territorially differentiated and focused on strengthening local knowledge spillovers and facilitating initial cross-border engagement in less developed areas.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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            <title><![CDATA[Internal Migration of Ethnic Groups in Latvia: The Importance of Age and Geography]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.14746/quageo-2026-0027</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.14746/quageo-2026-0027</guid>
            <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Internal migration plays a key role in population change and distribution. Limited geographic mobility among specific groups may indicate disadvantages, given its significance in population trends and employment fluctuations. Analysing the varying mobility rates across different ethnic groups can elucidate the impact of internal migration on demographic shifts, social and cultural life, and economic development. Despite the relatively high proportion of ethnic minorities within Latvia’s population, there is a paucity of research on the differences in internal migration propensities and flows by ethnicity. This research paper examines the ethnic dimension of changes in usual residence using one-year data from the Population Census (2011) and Population Register (2019). The findings reveal significant disparities between the ethnic and age group cohorts of internal migrants and the total population in the rural and urban areas of Latvia, thereby underscoring the importance of the settlement system in the overall transformation of population composition.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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