Representation of the construction of the circuit C1 ⊕p C2 from the circuits C1 and C2 in canonical form, with out(C2) < out(C1). Up is a unitary that implements the map |0〉↦p|0〉+1−p|1〉|0\rangle \mapsto \sqrt p |0\rangle + \sqrt {1 - p} |1\rangle to good approximation.
Figure A1.
Construction of the channel from a QMA(2)-language verification circuit.