Intelligent Control and Optimal Energy Supervision for On-Grid Hybrid Renewable Generation with Flywheel Energy Storage

Marouani, Rym; Zaafouri, Marwen; Hamrouni, Nejib; Cherif, Adnane

doi:10.2478/pead-2025-0027

Abstract

This research introduces an innovative on-grid hybrid renewable generation (OG-HRG) system characterised by its distinctive combination of three technologies: solar photovoltaic (PV), gearless permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG)-based wind turbines (WTs) and a flywheel energy storage system (FESS). The particularity of this system lies in its advanced incorporation of a multi-layered control approach, which merges the adaptability of fuzzy logic control (FLC), the accuracy of proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control and the resilience of sliding mode control (SMC) into a unified energy management system (EMS). This design has been specifically developed to address intermittency and maintain grid stability. Simulation outcomes validate its effectiveness, showcasing 92.3% renewable energy utilisation, minimal frequency fluctuations (±0.8%) and an 85% decrease in CO₂ emissions. This study offers a new framework for achieving high-efficiency and stable integration of renewable energy sources.

References

Aloo, L. A., Kihato, P. K., Kamau, S. I. and Orenge, R. S. (2023). Modeling and Control of a Photovoltaic-Wind Hybrid Microgrid System Using GA-ANFIS. Heliyon, 9(4), p. e14678. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14678
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Al-Rawashdeh, H., et al. (2023). Performance Analysis of a Hybrid Renewable-Energy System for Green Buildings to Improve Efficiency and Reduce GHG Emissions with Multiple Scenarios. Sustainability, 15(9). doi: 10.3390/su15097529
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Anvari-Moghaddam, A., Ghaemi, S., You, S. and Blaabjerg, F., eds. (2025). Power-to-X in Regional Energy Systems: Planning, Operation, Control, and Market Perspectives, 1st ed. CRC Press. doi: 10.1201/9781032719436
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Baala, Y. and Bri, S. (2020). Torque Estimator Using MPPT Method for Wind Turbines. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 10(2), pp. 1208–1219. doi: 10.11591/ijece.v10i2.pp1208-1219
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Bhutto, J. K. (2024). Augmented Two-Stage Hierarchical Controller for Distributed Power Generation System Powered by Renewable Energy: Development and Performance Analysis. Sustainability, 16(14). doi: 10.3390/su16145872
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Chakir, A. and Tabaa, M. (2024). Hybrid Renewable Production Scheduling for a PV–Wind-EV-Battery Architecture Using Sequential Quadratic Programming and Long Short-Term Memory–K-Nearest Neighbors Learning for Smart Buildings. Sustainability, 16(5). doi: 10.3390/su16052218
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Dunna, V. K., Chandra, K. P. B., Rout, P. K., Sahu, B. K., Manoharan, P., Alsoud, A. R. and Derebew, B. (2024). Super-Twisting MPPT Control for Grid-Connected PV/Battery System using Higher Order Sliding Mode Observer. Scientific Reports, 14(1), pp. 1–17. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-67083-w
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Elkholy, M., Schwarz, S. and Aziz, M. (2024). Advancing Renewable Energy: Strategic Modeling and Optimization of Flywheel and Hydrogen-Based Energy System. Journal of Energy Storage, 101(August). doi: 10.1016/j.est.2024.113771
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Emon, I. I., Jowel, A. R., Jawad, A. and Nahid-Al-Masood. (2023). Participation of Battery Energy Storage System for Frequency Control in Wind Dominated Power Systems: An Analytical Approach. Energy Reports, 10, pp. 1268–1286. doi: 10.1016/j.egyr.2023.08.006
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Fernandez, M. I., Go, Y. I., Wong, D. M. L. and Früh, W. G. (2024). Review of Challenges and Key Enablers in Energy Systems Towards Net Zero Target: Renewables, Storage, Buildings, & Grid Technologies. Heliyon, 10(23), p. e40691. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e40691
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Gajewski, P. and Pieńkowski, K. (2016). Advanced Control of Direct-Driven PMSG Generator in Wind Turbine System. Architectural Electrical Engineering, 65(4), pp. 643–656. doi: 10.1515/aee-2016-0045
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hamrouni, N., Younsi, S. and Jraidi, M. (2019). A Flexible Active and Reactive Power Control Strategy of a LV Grid Connected PV System. Energy Procedia, 162(April), pp. 325–338. doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2019.04.034
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
I.S.C. Committee. IEEE Standard for Interconnection and Interoperability of Distributed Energy Resources with Associated Electric Power Systems Interfaces, February. 2016.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kaur, G., Upadhyaya, P. and Chawla, P. (2023). Comparative Analysis of IoT-Based Controlled Environment and Uncontrolled Environment Plant Growth Monitoring System for Hydroponic Indoor Vertical Farm. Environmental Research, 222(October 2022), p. 115313. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115313
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kechida, A., Gozim, D., Toual, B., Alharthi, M. M., Agajie, T. F., Ghoneim, S. M. S. and Ghaly, R. N. R. (2024). Smart Control and Management for a Renewable Energy based Stand-Alone Hybrid System. Scientific Reports, 14(1), pp. 1–19. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-83826-1
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Lata-García, J., Zamora Cedeño, N., Ampuño, G., Jurado, F., Swarupa, M. L. and Maliza, W. (2024). Optimization and Evaluation of a Stand-Alone Hybrid System Consisting of Solar Panels, Biomass, Diesel Generator, and Battery Bank for Rural Communities. Sustainability, 16(20), pp. 1–13. doi: 10.3390/su16209012
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Li, X., Dong, C., Jiang, W. and Wu, X. (2021). An Improved Coordination Control for a Novel Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid Architecture with Combined Energy Storage System. Applied Energy, 292(February), p. 116824. doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.116824
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Luukkanen, J., Saunders-Vázquez, A., Majanne, Y. and Korkeakosk, M. (2023). Possibilities and Challenges of Developing A 100% Renewable Electricity System in Cuba. Ingeniería Energética, 44(2), pp. 1–11. [Online]. Available at: https://www.redalyc.org/journal/3291/329175581006/html/#B1
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Matos, C., Rosales-Asensio, E., Carta, J. A. and Cabrera, P. (2025). Flywheels in Renewable Energy Systems: An Analysis of their Role in Managing Intermittency. Journal of Energy Storage, 122(December 2024). doi: 10.1016/j.est.2025.116674
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Morales-García, J., et al. (2023). SEPARATE: A Tightly Coupled, Seamless IoT Infrastructure for Deploying AI Algorithms in Smart Agriculture Environments. Internet of Things (Netherlands), 22(November 2022), p. 100734. doi: 10.1016/j.iot.2023.100734
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Öhrström, F., Oscarsson, J., Afzal, Z., Dani, J. and Asplund, M. (2025). From Balance to Breach: Cyber Threats to Battery Energy Storage Systems. Energy Informatics, 8(1). doi: 10.1186/s42162-025-00499-4
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Pande, J., Nasikkar, P., Kotecha, K. and Varadarajan, V. (2021). A Review of Maximum Power Point Tracking Algorithms for Wind Energy Conversion Systems. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 9(11), pp. 1–30. doi: 10.3390/jmse9111187
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Rekioua, D., Mezzai, N., Mokrani, Z., Oubelaid, A., Kakouche, K., Logerais, P. O., Alshareef, M., Bajaj, M., Tuka, M. B. and Ghoneim, S. S. M. (2024). Effective Optimal Control of a Wind Turbine System with Hybrid Energy Storage and Hybrid MPPT Approach. Scientific Reports, 14(1), pp. 1–30. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-78847-9
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Roumeliotis, C., Dasygenis, M., Lazaridis, V. and Dossis, M. (2024). Blockchain and Digital Twins in Smart Industry 4.0: The Use Case of Supply Chain-A Review of Integration Techniques and Applications. Designs, 8(6), pp. 1–30. doi: 10.3390/designs8060105
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Serat, Z., Danishmal, M. and Mohammad Mohammadi, F. (2024). Optimizing Hybrid PV/Wind and Grid Systems for Sustainable Energy Solutions at the University Campus: Economic, Environmental, and Sensitivity Analysis. Energy Conversion and Management X, 24(June), p. 100691. doi: 10.1016/j.ecmx.2024.100691
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Shafiullah, M., Ahmed, S. D. and Al-Sulaiman, F. A. (2022). Grid Integration Challenges and Solution Strategies for Solar PV Systems: A Review. IEEE Access, 10, pp. 52233–52257. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3174555
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Šmídl, V., Glac, A. and Peroutka, Z. (2023). Time-Optimal Current Control of Synchronous Motor Drives. Actuators, 12(1). doi: 10.3390/act12010015
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Ullah, Q., Costa Resende, E., Carlos Gomes Freitas, L., Laaksonen, H. and Godoy Simões, M. (2024). Enhancing Voltage Stability of Grid Forming Power Converters based on Model Predictive Controller. International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems, 163(October). doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2024.110317
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Xu, T., et al. (2023). Energy Balance in a Standalone PV Battery Hybrid Generation System on Solar-Powered Aircraft Using the Model Predictive Control Method. Energies, 16(17). doi: 10.3390/en16176185
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Yadav, V. V. and Balasubramaniyan, S. (2025). Synchronization Stability and Control Strategies for PMSG-Based Wind Energy Systems Under Grid Fault Conditions. Energy Reports, 13(January), pp. 6148–6160. doi: 10.1016/j.egyr.2025.05.052
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Younsi, S., Kahouli, O., Alsaif, H., Ben Ali, N. and Chaabane, M. (2023). Grid Interface Control of Wind–Solar Generator in Hail Region of Saudi Arabia Using FOPI Controller. Frontiers in Energy Research, 11(November), pp. 1–17. doi: 10.3389/fenrg.2023.1309889
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Younsi, S., Kahouli, O., Hamrouni, N., Alsaif, H., Aloui, A. and Hamed, S. (2022). Performance Analysis and Multi-Mode Control of Grid Connected Micro Wind–Solar Hybrid Generator in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Taibah University for Science, 16(1), pp. 550–565. doi: 10.1080/16583655.2022.2078134
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article

Intelligent Control and Optimal Energy Supervision for On-Grid Hybrid Renewable Generation with Flywheel Energy Storage

Abstract

Paradigm

My account