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Fig. 13.
Simulation parameters_
| PV model parameters | Value | DC–DC boost parameters | Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Maximum power (PMPP) | 213.15 W | CI | 100 µF |
| Maximum current (IMPP) | 7.35 | VIN | 56.6–60.3 V |
| Maximum voltage (VMPP) | 29 V | L | 2 mH |
| Short-circuit current (Isc) | 7.84 A | R0 | 20 Ω |
| Open-circuit voltage (Voc) | 36.3 V | CO | 100 µF |
| Number of parallel modules | 2 | V0 | 112.5–129.1 V |
| PV cell Rpe | 313.4 Ω | ||
| Number of series module | 2 | ||
| PV cell Rse | 0.39 Ω | ||
| Cells per module | 60 | ||
| Ri | 25 Ω |
MRAC-FUZZY control parameters_
| MRAC_FUZZY parameters | Value |
|---|---|
| ap = 1/(RxCI) | 400 (rad/s) |
| am | 8.17 × 103 (rad/s) |
| bp = bm 1/L × CI | 1.67 × 107 (rad/s)2 |
| kp = V0 /L × CI | 6.45 × 108 V (rad/s)2 |
| Simulation step time (Ts) | 1 µs |
| Switching frequency (fs) | 20 kHz |
| Km | 5.75 × 108 V (rad/s)2 |
Performance comparison of the three algorithms
| MPPT techniques | State-1 | State-2 | State-3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Response time (s) | |||
| P&O | 0.054 | 0.051 | 0.03 |
| P&O-PI | 0.028 | 0.034 | 0.022 |
| MRAC_FUZZY | 0.012 | 0.013 | 0.01 |
| Ripples (W) | |||
| P&O | 0.957 | 0.2 | 0.21 |
| P&O-PI | 0.55 | 0.12 | 0.1 |
| MRAC_FUZZY | 0.0002 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 |
| Energy losses (%) | |||
| P&O | 3.2 | 2.1 | 4.3 |
| P&O-PI | 1.4 | 1.43 | 3.21 |
| MRAC_FUZZY | 0.0002 | 0.0001 | 0.0004 |
| Efficiency (%) | |||
| P&O | 95.2 | 96 | 94.34 |
| P&O-PI | 96.21 | 96.02 | 95.27 |
| MRAC_FUZZY | 99.96 | 99.98 | 99.94 |
| Average steady state power(W) | |||
| P&O | 147.16 | 184.92 | 78.244 |
| P&O-PI | 147.17 | 185.997 | 78.297 |
| MRAC_FUZZY | 147.22 | 186.266 | 78.36 |
An analysis comparing the suggested approach to other methods
| Performance parameters | Adaptive MPPT controller (Saibal et al. (2022)) | ANFIS-TRSMC (Mbarki et al. (2022)) | (PSO) (Ersalina et al. (2023)) | (GWO)-PID (Jesus et al. (2023)) | Proposed MPPT |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tracking time | 0.0036 | 0.04 | 0.012 | 0.018 | 0.011 |
| Oscillations at MPP | Low | Medium | Medium | No | No |
| Complexity | Medium | Medium | Medium | Medium | Low |
| Efficiency (%) | 97.69 | 98.9 | 96.96 | 98.50 | 99.98 |
Performance comparison of three MPPT algorithms
| MPPT techniques | P&O | P&O-PI | MRAC-FUZZY |
|---|---|---|---|
| Response time (s) | 0.054 | 0.028 | 0.012 |
| Ripple (W) | 0.33 | 0.12 | 0.0001 |
| Energy loss (%) | 3.13 | 1.45 | 0.0005 |
| Efficiency (%) | 95.2 | 96.21 | 99.94 |
Fuzzy control rules for calculating_
| E | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| γ | NB | NS | ZO | PS | PB | |
| ∆e | NB | Z | Z | B | B | B |
| NS | Z | Z | S | S | S | |
| ZO | S | Z | Z | Z | S | |
| PS | S | S | S | Z | Z | |
| PB | B | B | B | Z | Z | |