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Assessment of construction baseline schedule quality in transportation projects Cover

Figures & Tables

Fig. 1:

Research methodology. DWR, daily work reports; GAO, Government Accountability Office; IRMs, industry-recognised metrics.

Fig. 2:

Baseline vs. as-built schedule analysis for Project I.

Fig. 3:

Baseline vs. As-built Schedule Analysis for Project II.

Fig. 4:

Baseline vs. As-built Schedule Analysis for Project III.

Fig. 5:

Baseline vs. As-built Schedule Analysis for Project IV.

IRMs for evaluating baseline schedules_

Major categoryIDMetricsCalculationReferences
General: General metrics are those used to verify scheduling information in general.G001Project IDIs there a special project identifier for each project?PMI (2011), OFPC (2011), GAO (2012) and Han et al. (2017)
G002Project nameDoes a project have a special name?OFPC (2011), PMI (2011) and Han et al. (2017)
G003Task ID (unique)(Number of tasks using different task I.D.s)/(total number of tasks)OFPC (2011), PMI (2011), GAO (2012) and Han et al. (2017)
G004Task name (unique)(Number of tasks having unique names)/(total number of tasks)OFPC (2011), GAO (2012), NDIA (2016) and Han et al. (2017)
G005Task name (descriptive name)(Number of tasks having descriptive names)/(total number of tasks)OFPC (2011), GAO (2012), NDIA (2016) and Han et al. (2017)
G006WBS element ID/reference(Number of tasks having a WBS ID)/(total number of tasks)PMI (2011), GAO (2012), OFPC (2011) and Han et al. (2017)
G007Starting/finishing tasks on weekends or holidays(Number of tasks starting or ending on a weekend or holiday)/(total number of tasks)OFPC (2011), GAO (2012) and Han et al. (2017)
G008LOE task(Number of LOE tasks on the critical path)/(total number of tasks)DOD (2005), GAO (2012) and Han et al. (2017)
Milestones: Milestones are metrics used to verify information about milestones.M001Milestone definition(Number of detail tasks)/(total number of milestones)GAO (2012)
Duration: The duration category includes the measurements for verifying duration data.D001High duration(Number of tasks whose durations are longer than 44 working days)/(total number of tasks)DOD (2005), PMI (2011), GAO (2012), NDIA (2016) and Han et al. (2017)
Calendar: The metrics used to verify submitted to the calendar are classified as a calendar.C001Project calendarIs a project calendar available?PMI (2011), GAO (2012), NDIA (2016) and Han et al. (2017)
C002HolidaysDo project calendars include holidays and exceptions?OFPC (2011), GAO (2012), NDIA (2016) and Han et al. (2017)
Logic: The metrics for verifying data pertaining to logic in a schedule are classified as logic.L001Basic relationship (missing predecessor or successor)(Number of tasks missing a pre-decessor or successor)/(total number of tasks)DOD (2005), OFPC (2011), PMI (2011) and NDIA (2016)
L002Basic relationship (missing predecessor and successor)(Number of tasks missing a predecessor and successor)/(total number of tasks)DOD (2005, 2012), CVEM (2008), NAV (2010), OFPC (2011), PMI (2011), DCMA (2012), GAO (2012) and NDIA (2016)
L003Percentage of tasks on the critical path(Number of activities on the critical path)/(total number of activities)DOD (2005) and Han et al. (2017)
Float: The measurements used to verify information about float fall under this category.F001High total float(Number of activities over 44 working days total float)/(total number of activities)DOD (2005), GAO (2012), NDIA (2016) and Han et al. (2017)
Lag: Lag metrics are defined as measurements used to verify information about lag.La001Long lags(Quantity of lags >30 working days)/(total number of links between activities)DOD (2005) and Han et al. (2017)

Evaluation of baseline schedules using IRMs_

IDMetricThresholdProject IProject IIProject IIIProject IV
G001Project identifierYesYesYesYesYes
G002Project nameYesYesYesYesYes
G003Task identifier (unique)100%100%100%100%100%
G004Task name (unique)100%100%73.33%100%100%
G005Task name (descriptive name)100%0%0%0%0%
G006WBS element identifier100%0%20%0%0%
G007Starting tasks on weekends or holiday0%0%0%0%0%
G008LOE task0%0%0%0%0%
M001Milestone definition100%0%0%0%0%
D001High duration > 44 days5%0%0%0%0%
C001Project calendarYesYesYesYesYes
C002HolidaysYesYesYesNoYes
L001Basic relationship (missing predecessor or successor)0%22.22%0%0%62.5%
L002Basic relationship (missing predecessor and successor)0%22.22%0%100%12.5%
L003Percentage of tasks on the critical path95%100%100%100%83%
F001High total float > 44days5%0%0%6.25%31.25%
La001Long lags > 30 days5%25%0%6.25%0%
Pass 11 (64.7%)13 (76.47%)10 (58.82%)10 (58.82%)
Fail 6 (35.3%)4 (23.53%)7 (41.18%)7 (41.18%)
Total 17 (100.0%)17 (100.0%)17 (100.0%)17 (100.0%)

Similarities between GAO BPs and IRMs_

GAO BPIRMs
BP #1: Capturing all activitiesG003 - Task identifier (unique), G004 - Task name (unique), G005 - Task name (descriptive) and G006 - WBS element identifier.
BP #2: Sequencing all activitiesL001 Basic relationship (missing predecessor or successor) and L002 - Basic relationship (missing predecessor and successor)
BP #3: Assigning resources to all activitiesNot applicable
BP #4: Establishing the duration of all activitiesD001 High duration, C001 Project calendar and C002 Holidays
BP #5: Verifying that the schedule can be traced horizontally and verticallyNot applicable
BP #6: Confirming that the critical path is validL003-Percentage of tasks on the critical path
BP #7: Ensuring reasonable total floatF001 High total float (> 44days)

Evaluation of baseline schedules using GAO BPs_

Practice nameProject IProject IIProject IIIProject IV
BP #1: Capturing all activities××
BP #2: Sequencing all activities××
BP #3: Assigning resources to all activities××××
BP #4: Establishing the duration of all activities
BP #5: Verifying that the schedule can be traced horizontally and vertically××
BP #6: Confirming that the critical path is valid×××
BP #7: Ensuring reasonable total float××××
% of satisfied requirements14.29%71.43%14.29%57.14%
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/otmcj-2026-0003 | Journal eISSN: 1847-6228 | Journal ISSN: 1847-5450
Language: English
Page range: 33 - 50
Submitted on: Feb 10, 2025
Accepted on: Jul 2, 2025
Published on: May 11, 2026
Published by: University of Zagreb
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

© 2026 Md Shah Jamal, Ahmed Abdelaty, Mohammed S. Hashem M. Mehany, K. Joseph Shrestha, Mohamed S. Yamany, published by University of Zagreb
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.