Fig. 1:
Fig. 2:
Scheduling frameworks proposed by researchers_
| Reference | Scheduling method | Automated scheduling | BIM | Delay factors consideration | Past experience |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mohamed Meabed et al. (2025) | Modified CCS approach | ||||
| Golmaei et al. (2025) | BIM-based WOA for prefabricated construction | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Jiang et al. (2025) | Deep learning integrated MAS for prefabricated construction | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Wang et al. (2024) | BIM-based scheduling | ✓ | ✓ | Workspace | ✓ |
| Kostrzewa-Demczuk and Rogalska (2024) | PTCM II | ||||
| Fazeli et al. (2024) | OA-based 4D BIM | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Li et al. (2024) | Multi-objective SD-NSGA for prefabricated construction | ✓ | |||
| Feng et al. (2024) | BIM-based multi-objective optimisation GA | ✓ | |||
| Wefki et al. (2024) | BIM-based scheduling integrated with GA optimisation | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Pregina and Kannan (2024) | F-GERT | ||||
| Hassan et al. (2023) | Multi-objective stochastic optimisation model for repetitive construction | ✓ | |||
| Aminbakhsh and Ahmed (2023) | HGA | ✓ | |||
| Yang et al. (2023) | BIM-based method optimised by GA for prefabricated construction | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Wu and Ma (2023) | BIM-based method combining ontology constraint rule and GA | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Hong et al. (2023) | GAS | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Yu et al. (2023) | Multi-objective static network planning optimisation | ||||
| Soman and Molina-Solana (2022) | LAS integrated RL and LDCC | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
| He et al. (2022) | Collaborative scheduling | Communication | |||
| Lehtovaara et al. (2022) | Collaborative scheduling | Communication | |||
| Scala et al. (2022) | Collaborative scheduling | Communication | |||
| Milat et al. (2021) | Multi-objective optimisation model for resilient scheduling | ||||
| ElMenshawy and Marzouk (2021) | CPM | ✓ | |||
| Banihashemi et al. (2021) | Fuzzy MCDM | ✓ | |||
| Abdelmegid et al. (2021) | LPS integrated DES | ||||
| Santos et al. (2021) | BIM-based scheduling | ✓ | Communication | ||
| Kim et al. (2020) | BIM-based approach for steel frame erection | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Abbasi et al. (2020) | BIM-based Takt-time and DES | ✓ | ✓ | Supply chain | |
| Mahdavian and Shojaei (2020) | CPM-based CBS | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Tallgren et al. (2020) | Collaborative scheduling | ✓ | Communication | ||
| Wickramasekara et al. (2020) | BIM-based integrated LPS and CSM | ✓ | Communication | ||
| Li et al. (2020) | BIM-based LBS | ✓ | Safety | ||
| Etges et al. (2020) | LPS | ✓ | |||
| Tao et al. (2020) | Two-stage metaheuristic algorithm | ✓ | Workspace | ||
| Le and Jeong (2020) | AI-based CPM | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Hammad et al. (2020) | Mixed integer non-linear programming model for optimising the scheduling | ||||
| Francis (2019) | Chronographical Spatiotemporal Scheduling Optimisation Method | ✓ | Workspace | ||
| Wang and Rezazadeh Azar (2019) | BIM-based scheduling for concrete-framed buildings | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Melzner (2019) | Takt-time | Supply chain | |||
| Joo et al. (2019) | Coordination-based reactive scheduling | Supply chain | |||
| Ma et al. (2019) | CCDSM | Rework | |||
| Tran and Long (2018) | AMODE | ✓ | |||
| Ballesteros-Pérez et al. (2018) | CPM-based weather-aware scheduling | Weather | |||
| Su and Cai (2018) | GPM | ✓ | Workspace | ||
| Getuli and Capone (2018) | BIM-based scheduling | ✓ | ✓ | Workspace | |
| Vahdatikhaki and Mawlana (2017) | DES | ✓ | ✓ | Workspace | |
| Salama et al. (2017) | Simulation-based method for modular construction | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Chang et al. (2017) | BIM-VRcpSS | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
| de Soto et al. (2017) | BIM-based Tabu-search algorithm | ✓ | |||
| Yuan et al. (2017) | MCM-BIM-CSEWM | ✓ | |||
| Sonmez and Gürel (2016) | Hybrid optimisation method | ✓ | |||
| Abuwarda and Hegazy (2016) | Flexible Constraint Programming framework | ✓ | |||
| Senouci and Mubarak (2016) | Multi-objective optimisation model for scheduling | ✓ | Weather | ||
| Kim et al. (2016) | 3D intelligent model for highway projects | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Niknam and Karshenas (2016) | BIM-based Semantic Web approach | ✓ | ✓ | Communication | |
| Mohammadi et al. (2016) | BIM-based simulation method | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Golizadeh et al. (2016) | ANN-based method | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Fan et al. (2016) | Object-oriented approach | ✓ | |||
| Ashuri and Tavakolan (2015) | Shuffled frog-leaping model for scheduling | ||||
| Moon et al. (2015) | BIM-based fuzzy and GA optimisation method | ✓ | Overlaps | ||
| Tomek and Kalinichuk (2015) | BIM-based Agile method | ✓ | Rework | ||
| Park and Cai (2015) | BIM-based scheduling | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Liu et al. (2015) | BIM-based scheduling | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Agrama (2014) | LOB - based multi-objective optimisation model for repetitive construction | ✓ | |||
| Faghihi et al. (2014) | BIM-based GA | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Gelisen and Griffis (2014) | APBSA | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Altaf et al. (2014) | BIM-based scheduling | ✓ | ✓ | Safety | |
| Liu et al. (2014a) | BIM-based scheduling for Panelised Construction | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Liu et al. (2014b) | BIM-based scheduling | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Taghaddos et al. (2014) | SBAP | ✓ | |||
| Ma et al. (2014) | CCPM | ||||
| Okmen and Oztas (2014) | CPM-based fuzzy method | ||||
| Kim et al. (2013) | BIM-based scheduling | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Chua et al. (2013) | FReMAS | ✓ | |||
| Anagnostopoulos and Koulinas (2012) | GRASP-based hyperheuristic algorithm | ✓ | |||
| Chen et al. (2012) | ISS | ✓ | |||
| Dong et al. (2012) | LAS | ✓ | Workspace | ||
| Weldu and Knapp (2012) | BIM-based scheduling | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Konig et al. (2012) | DES | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Karshenas and Sharma (2010) | VSA | ✓ | |||
| Mikulakova et al. (2010) | CBR | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Wu et al. (2010) | DES | ✓ | |||
| Feng et al. (2010) | CPM | ✓ | ✓ |
Details of auto-generated scheduling frameworks_
| Author | Activity list | Task duration | Ordering (sequencing) | Resource allocation | Data |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Golmaei et al. (2025) | X | X | ✓ | ✓ | BIM model, elements and constructability constraints |
| Jiang et al. (2025) | X | X | ✓ | ✓ | Activity list, duration, BIM or elements attributes and relationship, |
| Wang et al. (2024) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | X | BIM model and resource allocation plan |
| Fazeli et al. (2024) | X | ✓ | X | X | BIM model, productivity rates, activity list and sequences |
| Li et al. (2024) | X | X | ✓ | ✓ | Activity list, duration, task constraints and required resources |
| Wefki et al. (2024) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | CAD drawings or manually filled Excel template or BIM model, resource and activity code libraries and productivity rates |
| Hassan et al. (2023) | X | ✓ | ✓ | X | Activity list, precedence relationships, work quantity and productivity rate |
| Aminbakhsh and Ahmed (2023) | X | X | ✓ | X | Activity list, durations and precedence relationships |
| Yang et al. (2023) | X | X | ✓ | X | BIM model |
| Wu and Ma (2023) | X | ✓ | X | X | BIM model, activity list, constraint rules, and resources |
| Hong et al. (2023) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | X | Historical data and needs a construction schedule as input |
| Soman and Molina-Solana (2022) | X | X | ✓ | X | A discrete set of states, agent actions and scalar rewards |
| ElMenshawy and Marzouk (2021) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | X | BIM model and productivity rates |
| Banihashemi et al. (2021) | X | ✓ | X | X | Activity list and network and fuzzy values for duration |
| Kim et al. (2020) | X | X | ✓ | X | BIM model |
| Abbasi et al. (2020) | X | X | ✓ | X | 4D BIM model |
| Mahdavian and Shojaei (2020) | X | ✓ | X | X | Activity list and sequences, productivity rates and resources |
| Le and Jeong (2020) | X | ✓ | ✓ | X | Activity list and quantities, historical data |
| Francis (2019) | X | X | ✓ | X | Predefined zones and layers, activity list and durations and required resources |
| Tran and Long (2018) | X | X | ✓ | ✓ | Activity list and relationships, duration and available and required resources |
| Getuli and Capone (2018) | X | X | ✓ | X | BIM model, structural schedule |
| Vahdatikhaki and Mawlana (2017) | X | ✓ | X | X | Activity list and sequences, set of confidence levels and resources |
| Salama et al. (2017) | X | ✓ | X | X | Activity list and sequences, productivity rates, resources and BIM model |
| Chang et al. (2017) | X | ✓ | X | X | BIM model, productivity rates and historical data |
| Sonmez and Gürel (2016) | X | X | ✓ | X | Activity list and relationships, durations and available and required resources |
| Abuwarda and Hegazy (2016) | X | X | ✓ | X | Activity list, alternative network paths, durations, resources and deadlines |
| Senouci and Mubarak (2016) | X | ✓ | X | ✓ | Task list, order, productivity rates, required and available resources and productivity multiplier |
| Kim et al. (2016) | X | ✓ | X | ✓ | BIM model, unit cost, labour cost and productivity rates, |
| Niknam and Karshenas (2016) | X | X | X | ✓ | BIM model, activity list and sequences, durations |
| Mohammadi et al. (2016) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | BIM model, set of process patterns, sequencing rules, productivity rates and pre-set list of resources |
| Golizadeh et al. (2016) | X | ✓ | X | X | Activity list, resources, historical data and dimensions of an element |
| Fan et al. (2016) | X | ✓ | X | X | Activity list, productivity rates, quantities and sequences |
| Park and Cai (2015) | ✓ | X | ✓ | X | BIM model, WBS directory and sequencing rules |
| Liu et al. (2015) | X | ✓ | ✓ | X | available resources, resource requirements for each activity, productivity rates and process patterns |
| Faghihi et al. (2014) | X | X | ✓ | X | BIM model and stability rules |
| Agrama (2014) | X | X | ✓ | X | Activity list and relationships, durations and available resources |
| Gelisen and Griffis (2014) | X | ✓ | X | X | Activity list and sequences, productivity rates and resources |
| Altaf et al. (2014) | X | ✓ | X | X | emission rate, ventilation rate and productivity rates |
| Liu et al. (2014b) | X | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | BIM model, productivity rates and cost rates |
| Liu et al. (2014a) | X | ✓ | ✓ | X | project resources, resource requirements for each activity and productivity rates |
| Taghaddos et al. (2014) | X | X | X | ✓ | Project information, scheduling templates and available resources |
| Kim et al. (2013) | X | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | BIM model, set of predefined activities, sequencing rules and productivity rates |
| Chua et al. (2013) | X | X | ✓ | X | Project information, functional requirements and resource allocation |
| Anagnostopoulos and Koulinas (2012) | X | X | ✓ | ✓ | Activity list and relationships, durations and required and available resources |
| Chen et al. (2012) | X | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Productivity rates, available resources, activity network and work quantity take-offs |
| Dong et al. (2012) | X | X | ✓ | ✓ | Priority rule, activity list and quantity, resource quantity and activity duration |
| Weldu and Knapp (2012) | X | X | ✓ | X | Activity list and productivity rates |
| Konig et al. (2012) | X | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | BIM model and process patterns |
| Mikulakova et al. (2010) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | X | Historical data, BIM model and working zones |
| Wu et al. (2010) | X | ✓ | ✓ | X | Activity list, construction methods for each component, available resources, process patterns and productivity rates |
| Feng et al. (2010) | X | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | BIM model, MD CAD model, schedule period and productivity rates |