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The structural equation model of risk factors influencing government irrigation project Cover

The structural equation model of risk factors influencing government irrigation project

Organization, Technology and Management in Construction: an International Journal
Volume 17 (2025): Issue 1 (January 2025)
By: Anuchat Leeanansaksiri,  Phongphan Tankasem and  Wuttipong Kusonkhum  
Open Access
|Aug 2025

Figures & Tables

Fig. 1:

Conceptual framework in this study.
Conceptual framework in this study.

Fig. 2:

Management structure model before the adjustment. GFI, goodness of fit index; NFI, normal fit index; RMR, root mean square residual; RMSEA, root mean square error of approximation.
Management structure model before the adjustment. GFI, goodness of fit index; NFI, normal fit index; RMR, root mean square residual; RMSEA, root mean square error of approximation.

Fig. 3:

Risk management structure model after the adjustment. AGFI, adjusted goodness of fit index; GFI, goodness of fit index; NFI, normal fit index; RMR, root mean square residual; RMSEA, root mean square error of approximation.
Risk management structure model after the adjustment. AGFI, adjusted goodness of fit index; GFI, goodness of fit index; NFI, normal fit index; RMR, root mean square residual; RMSEA, root mean square error of approximation.

Factor loadings

Risk ID.Component
123456
I1 0.733
I20.586
I30.545
I40.800
I50.813
I60.870
I70.797
I80.678
I90.867
I100.749
I110.895
I120.901
I130.848
I140.791
I15 0.931
I16 0.835
I17 0.893
I18 0.840
I19 0.374
I20 0.882
I21 0.816
I22 0.889
I23 0.885
I24 0.568
I25 0.928
I26 0.936
I27 0.936
I28 0.888
I29 0.882
I30 0.742
I31 0.681
I320.592
I33 0.594
I34 0.587
I35 0.665
I36 0.762
I370.622
I380.626
I390.623
I400.655
I41
I42 0.627
I430.685
I44
I45 0.551
I46 0.580
I47 0.609
I480.630
I490.659
I500.635
I51 0.882
I52 0.869
I53 0.932
I54 0.879
I55 0.917
I56 0.874

KMO and Bartlett’s test

KMO measure of sampling adequacy0.943
Bartlett’s test of sphericityApprox. chi-square38,752.817
df1,540
Sig.0.001

Index values of relations in SEM of risk management that affect the irrigation construction project before and after adjustment

IndexCriteriaBefore adjusting modelAfter adjusting model
StatisticResult of considerationStatisticResult of consideration
χ2/df<3.0015.024Unqualified0.413Qualified
p-value of χ2>0.05<0.001Unqualified0.799Qualified
NFI>0.900.864Unqualified0.999Qualified
GFI>0.900.856Unqualified0.999Qualified
CFI>0.950.856Qualified0.999Qualified
RMR<0.086.619Unqualified0.029Qualified
RMSEA<0.080.175Unqualified0.001Qualified

Risk factors at a sublevel that affect the construction of an irrigation project

Risk ID.DescriptiveReference
I1Delays caused by the approval – details of the construction plan (Shop drawing) of the employersE, T, O, Q, S
I2Delay factors caused by the approval-material of the employersE, T, O, S
I3Lack of a good coordination system between parties involved with each otherF, T, O, S, P
I4The factor of the employer planning the construction project is not detailed (not clear)G, T, Q, S
I5Mistakes against employer’s strike orderH, R, T
I6The contractor lacks knowledge and experience in construction techniquesF, T, S, P
I7The contractor does not pay attention to construction safetyI, T, Q, P
I8Accidents caused by the contractor’s construction, such as falls from heights, impacts, etc.I, Q, S, P
I9The employers lack control and inspection of the income-expensing accounting system of the construction projectJ, Q, S, P
I10Delays in recognising and solving problems between the individuals involvedJ, O, S
I11Mistake of communicationF, T, O, Q
I12The contractor breaches the terms of the contractJ, O, P
I13The text of the contract is unclear in terms of meaning, responsibility, or contract detailsJ, Q
I14Continuity in construction workF, R, O, P
I15Availability of labour in terms of number and skill.J, O, P
I16Coordination between parties involved in the projectF, Q, P
I17Project management and site supervisionF, R, S
I18Financial liquidity of construction projectsJ, R, S, P
I19Period for disbursing money from project owners and contractorsJ, Q, S, P
I20Accuracy and suitability of design dataJ, Q, S
I21The perfection of the design and the details of the design.K, Q, S
I22Project planning and budgetingJ, R, O, Q
I23Delivery of the construction siteJ, R, O, Q
I24Competence and compliance of subcontractorsJ, S, P
I25Personnel competenceL, T, S
I26Personnel commitmentL, T, P
I27Communication and coordinationJ, Q, S, P
I28Financial managementJ, R, O, P
I29Surveillance and monitoring of performanceJ, P
I30Late approval of the construction of drawings (Shop Drawing)J, T, O
I31The delay from the owner of the project in answering questions from the contractorJ, S
I32Installation payments are not as scheduledJ, R, Q, S, P
I33Deficiencies and unclear construction contractsJ, R, Q, S, P
I34Details of designs used in constructionK, Q, S, P
I35Interference with the contractor from the ownerJ, Q
I36Interfering with the contractor’s work by other contractors or other owners.J, S
I37Lack of expertise in the work of supervisorsF, O, S, P
I38The number of supervisors is insufficientJ, S
I39Supervisors have multiple chains of command, resulting in delayed decision-makingJ, T, S
I40Failure to take ownership of the construction site and the use of rights on route to the construction siteJ, T
I41Discovery of antiquities or ancient civilisation sites in construction sitesJ, S
I42Obstruction of buildings, restricted trees and utilities of other agenciesJ
I43The problem of working space conditions has changed from the counterparty contract modelJ, R, S
I44Problems with the condition of the work site. Hard stones are obstructed, causing the need to use tools. special in destructionJ, S
I45The delay in submitting the construction drawing (Shop Drawing) is delayedJ, R, Q, S
I46The delay in submitting construction drawings (As build Drawing) is delayedE, R, Q
I47the lack of experience of personnel and expertise in operations or construction planningJ, R, Q, S, P
I48Delays caused by subcontractor workE, T, P
I49The building does not comply with the contract without matching the specifications or construction drawingsJ, Q
I50Failure to comply with the request of the owner of the work that the contractor has agreed to according to that requestJ, Q, S
I51Deficiencies in tracking tasks and adjusting work plansJ, Q, S
I52Disorders in coordination on siteN, U, Q, S
I53Lack of management and coordination within the contractor’s organisationJ, T, O, P
I54Delay in procurement of equipment or construction materialsJ, T, Q, S, P
I55Using construction tools or equipment that do not meet the requirementsH, T, Q, S, P
I56Lack of financial liquidity of contractorsM, O, S
Y1DurationD
Y2BudgetD
Y3QualityD

Number of components, eigenvalue, percentage of variance and percentage of cumulative variance

ComponentsInitial eigenvalues
Total% of varianceCumulative%
122.74740.62040.620
212.17621.74262.362
35.2259.33171.693
41.9103.41175.104
51.4622.61177.715
61.1041.97279.687

Risk group

Risk group definingRisk factorsRisk ID.
1. The inefficiency of legal administrationDelay factors caused by the approval-material of the employersI2
Lack of a good coordination system between parties involved with each otherI3
The factors of the employees planning the construction project are not detailed (not clear)I4
Mistakes against employer’s strike orderI5
1. The inefficiency of legal administrationThe contractor lacks knowledge and experience in construction techniquesI6
The contractor does not pay attention to construction safetyI7
Accidents caused by the contractor’s construction, such as falls from heights and impactsI8
The employers lack control and inspection of the income-expense accounting system of the construction projectI9
delays in recognising and solving problems between the individuals involvedI10
Mistake of communicationI11
The contractor breaches the terms of the contract.I12
The text of the contract is unclear. both in terms of meaning, responsibility, contract detailsI13
Continuity in construction workI14
Instalment payments are not as scheduled.I32
Lack of expertise in the work of supervisorsI37
The number of supervisors is insufficientI38
Supervisors have multiple chains of command, resulting in delayed decision-makingI39
Failure to take ownership of the construction site and the use of rights on route to the construction siteI40
The problem of working space conditions has changed from the counterparty contract modelI43
Delays caused by subcontractor workI48
The building does not comply with the contract without matching the specifications or construction drawingsI49
Failure to comply with the request of the owner of the work that the contractor has agreed to according to that requestI50
2. The inefficiency of construction management in projectAvailability of labour in terms of number and skillI15
coordination between parties involved in the projectI16
2. The inefficiency of construction management in projectProject management and site supervisionI17
Financial liquidity of construction projectsI18
Period for disbursing money from project owners and contractorsI19
Accuracy and suitability of design dataI20
The perfection of the design and the details of the design.I21
Project planning and budgetingI22
delivery of the construction siteI23
Competence and Compliance of SubcontractorsI24
personnel competenceI25
personnel commitmentI26
communication and coordinationI27
financial managementI28
Surveillance and monitoring of performanceI29
details of designs used in constructionI34
3. The inefficiency of contractor in projectDelays caused by the approval – details of the construction plan (shop drawing) of the employersI1
Late approval of the construction drawings (shop drawing).I30
The delay from the owner of the project in answering questions from the contractor.I31
Deficiencies and unclear construction contractsI33
Disorders in coordination on siteI52
Lack of management and coordination within the contractor’s organisationI53
Delay in procurement of equipment or construction materialsI54
Using construction tools or equipment that do not meet the requirementsI55
Lack of financial liquidity of contractorsI56
4. The inefficiency of design in construction phaseThe delay in submitting the construction drawing (shop drawing) is delayedI45
The delay in submitting construction drawings (as build drawing) is delayedI46
the lack of experience of personnel and expertise in operations or construction planningI47
5. Discovery of antiquities at construction siteDiscovery of antiquities or ancient civilisation sites in construction sitesI41
6. The condition of special workProblems with the condition of the work site. Hard stones are obstructed, causing the need to use tools. special in destructionI44

Overview of participant

CategoryComponentAmountPercentage (%)
SexMale32670.87
Female13529.13
Age (years)<3017938.91
31–5022348.48
>505812.61
EducationVocational8017.39
Higher vocational16936.74
Bachelor19742.83
Master or higher143.04
Experience (years)<514932.39
5–1014130.65
11–3014531.52
>30255.43
OrganisationGovernment11925.87
Private company34174.13
PositionDirector183.91
Engineer12126.30
Manager296.30
Officer5311.52
Other (supervisor or subcontractor)23951.96

Mean and SD of risk factors

Risk ID.MeanSD
I13.330.90
I23.440.91
I33.080.71
I43.481.02
I53.381.07
I63.300.95
I73.351.11
I83.211.29
I93.130.97
I103.120.86
I113.280.96
I123.371.05
I133.150.87
I143.330.91
I152.850.95
I162.900.87
I172.831.05
I182.831.04
I192.952.27
I202.690.99
I212.751.09
I222.771.04
I232.830.97
I243.070.91
I252.761.07
I262.811.01
I272.821.02
I282.801.14
I292.841.16
I303.370.99
I313.130.82
I323.341.06
I333.300.95
I342.930.90
I353.181.02
I363.261.03
I373.340.91
I383.380.94
I393.500.98
I403.410.94
I413.291.70
I423.150.89
I433.250.77
I443.371.27
I453.190.96
I463.190.95
I473.260.94
I483.380.92
I493.300.99
I503.210.66
I513.220.96
I523.300.95
I533.221.07
I543.181.00
I553.131.08
I563.101.08
YI13.271.03
YI23.301.04
YI33.461.06
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/otmcj-2025-0010 | Journal eISSN: 1847-6228 | Journal ISSN: 1847-5450
Journal RSS Feed
Language: English
Page range: 154 - 170
Submitted on: Aug 28, 2024
Accepted on: Mar 6, 2025
Published on: Aug 12, 2025
Published by: University of Zagreb
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year
Keywords:
risk management,
structural equation model,
construction irrigation project,
project management,
factor analysis,
government project,
Influencing risk factor
Related subjects:
Engineering,
Introductions and overviews,
Engineering, other

© 2025 Anuchat Leeanansaksiri, Phongphan Tankasem, Wuttipong Kusonkhum, published by University of Zagreb
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

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