Affluence without status: Classed meanings of working-class leisure activities on the Finnish-language Internet
By: Mikael Wallin
References
- Atkinson, W. (2010). Class, individualization and late modernity: In search of the reflexive worker (1st ed.). Palgrave Macmillan.
https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230290655 - Attfield, S. (2020). The working class in the Australian mainstream media. International Journal of Media and Cultural Politics, 16(1), 47–63.
https://doi.org/10.1386/macp_00014_1 - Bottero, W. (2004). Class identities and the identity of class. Sociology, 38(5), 985–1003.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038504047182 - Bourdieu, P. (1984). Distinction: A social critique of the judgement of taste. Routledge.
- Bourdieu, P. (1987). What makes a social class? On the theoretical and practical existence of groups. Berkeley Journal of Sociology, 32, 1–17.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/41035356 - Boutyline, A., & Arseniev-Koehler, A. (2025). Meaning in hyperspace: Word embeddings as tools for cultural measurement. Annual Review of Sociology, 51(1), 89–107.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-090324-024027 - Chibber, V. (2022). The class matrix: Social theory after the cultural turn. Harvard University Press.
https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674269835 - Deery, J., & Press, A. (2017). Media and class: TV, film, and digital culture. Routledge.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315387987 - Di Martino, E. (2022). Indexing “chav” on social media: Transmodal performances of working-class subcultures. Palgrave Macmillan.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96818-2 - Erola, J. (2010). Luokaton Suomi? Yhteiskuntaluokat 2000-luvun Suomessa [Classless Finland? Social classes in twenty-first-century Finland]. Gaudeamus.
- Figenschou, T. U., Eide, E., & Nilsen, R. E. (2021). Investigations of a journalistic blind spot: Class, constructors, and carers in Norwegian media. Nordicom Review, 42(s3), 71–87.
https://doi.org/10.2478/nor-2021-0027 - Flemmen, M., Jarness, V., & Rosenlund, L. (2018). Social space and cultural class divisions: The forms of capital and contemporary lifestyle differentiation. The British Journal of Sociology, 69(1), 124–153.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-4446.12295 - Goldthorpe, J. H. (1969). The affluent worker in the class structure. Cambridge University Press.
- Heikkilä, R. (2022). Understanding cultural non-participation in an egalitarian context. Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18865-7 - Hovden, J. F., & Rosenlund, L. (2021). Class and everyday media use: A case study from Norway. Nordicom Review, 42(s3), 129–149.
https://doi.org/10.2478/nor-2021-0030 - Huang, Y. (2024). The class and gender politics of Chinese online discourse: Ambivalence, sociopolitical tensions and co-option. Routledge.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003370291 - Kennedy, E. H., & Horne, C. (2020). Accidental environmentalist or ethical elite? The moral dimensions of environmental impact. Poetics, 82, Article 101448.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poetic.2020.101448 - Kolehmainen, M. (2017). The material politics of stereotyping white trash: Flexible class-making. The Sociological Review, 65(2), 251–266.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0038026116681440 - Kozlowski, A. C., Taddy, M., & Evans, J. A. (2019). The geometry of culture: Analyzing the meanings of class through word embeddings. American Sociological Review, 84(5), 905–949.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122419877135 - Lamont, M. (2000). The dignity of working men: Morality and the boundaries of race, class, and immigration (1st ed.). Russell Sage Foundation.
- Lehmann, W. (2012). Working-class students, habitus, and the development of student roles: A Canadian case study. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 33(4), 527–546.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01425692.2012.668834 - Lim, S. S., & Loh, R. S. M. (2020). Young people, smartphones, and invisible illiteracies: Closing the potentiality-actuality chasm in mobile media. In E. Polson, R. Gajjala, & L. S. Clark (Eds.), The Routledge companion to media and class (pp. 132–141). Routledge.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351027342-12 - Lindell, J., & Danielsson, M. (2017). Moulding cultural capital into cosmopolitan capital: Media practices as reconversion work in a globalising world. Nordicom Review, 38(2), 51–64.
https://doi.org/10.1515/nor-2017-0408 - Lizardo, O. (2006). How cultural tastes shape personal networks. American Sociological Review, 71(5), 778–807.
https://doi.org/10.1177/000312240607100504 - Luotolahti, J., Kanerva, J., Laippala, V., Pyysalo, S., & Ginter, F. (2015). Towards universal web parsebanks. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2015), 211–220. Uppsala University.
https://aclanthology.org/W15-2124/ - Luotolahti, J., Kanerva, J., Luoma, J., Skantsi, V., Pyysalo, S., Laippala, V., & Ginter, F. (2023). Finnish Internet parsebank. Research Square.
https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3138153/v1 - Maguire, J. S., & Matthews, J. (2012). Are we all cultural intermediaries now? An introduction to cultural intermediaries in context. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 15(5), 551–562.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1367549412445762 - Mapes, G. (2018). (De)constructing distinction: Class inequality and elite authenticity in mediatized food discourse. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 22(3), 265–287.
https://doi.org/10.1111/josl.12284 - Martin, C. R. (2019). No longer newsworthy: How the mainstream media abandoned the working class. ILR Press.
https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501735264 - McAllister, M. P., & Galarza, L. (2020). Working-class bodies in advertising. In E. Polson, R. Gajjala, & L. S. Clark (Eds.), The Routledge companion to media and class (pp. 17–26). Routledge.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351027342-2 - Metzgar, J. (2021). Bridging the divide: Working-class culture in a middle-class society. Cornell University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501760334 - Mihelj, S., Leguina, A., & Downey, J. (2019). Culture is digital: Cultural participation, diversity and the digital divide. New Media & Society, 21(7), 1465–1485.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818822816 - Nagle, A. (2017). Kill all normies: Online culture wars from 4chan and Tumblr to Trump and the alt-right. Zero Books.
- Nelson, L. K. (2020). Computational grounded theory: A methodological framework. Sociological Methods & Research, 49(1), 3–42.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124117729703 - Purhonen, S., Gronow, J., Heikkilä, R., Kahma, N., Rahkonen, K., & Toikka, A. (2014). Suomalainen maku: Kulttuuripääoma, kulutus ja elämäntyylien sosiaalinen eriytyminen [The Finnish Taste: Cultural capital, consumption and the social divergence of lifestyles]. Gaudeamus.
- Skeggs, B. (2004). Class, self, culture. Routledge.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315016177 - Skeggs, B., & Yulli, S. (2016). Capital experimentation with person/a formation: How Facebook’s monetization refigures the relationship between property, personhood and protest. Information, Communication & Society, 19(3), 380–396.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2015.1111403 - Sloan, L. (2017). Who tweets in the United Kingdom? Profiling the Twitter population using the British Social Attitudes Survey 2015. Social Media + Society, 3(1).
https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305117698981 - Sun, P., Zhao, G., Liu, Z., Li, X., & Zhao, Y. (2022). Toward discourse involution within China’s Internet: Class, voice, and social media. New Media & Society, 24(5), 1150–1168.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444820966753 - Tiihonen, A. (2021). The mechanisms of class-party ties among the Finnish working-class voters in the 21st century [Doctoral dissertation, Tampere University].
https://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-03-2135-2 - Tilastokeskus. (2017). Laatuseloste: Vapaa-ajan osallistuminen 2017 [Quality report: Participation in leisure activities 2017].
https://tinyurl.com/mrhf52pn - Way, A., & Malvini Redden, S. (2020). Working-class wisdom: How relationality and responsibility shape working-class youth’s meaning-making on social media. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 48(6), 675–694.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00909882.2020.1837913
Language: English
Page range: 205 - 230
Published on: Oct 23, 2026
Published by: University of Gothenburg Nordicom
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Keywords:
Related subjects:
© 2026 Mikael Wallin, published by University of Gothenburg Nordicom
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.