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Feelings among friends and foes in populist communication: The Finns Party leadership’s emotional appeals on social media during the 2023 Finnish parliamentary election Cover

Feelings among friends and foes in populist communication: The Finns Party leadership’s emotional appeals on social media during the 2023 Finnish parliamentary election

Open Access
|Sep 2026

Figures & Tables

Figure 1

Distribution of emotional appeals across members of the Finns Party leadership (per cent)

Figure 2

Distribution of targets across members of the Finns Party leadership (per cent)

Table 1

Distribution of target by emotional appeal (per cent (n))

Emotional appealIngroupOutgroupOther
The peopleActorsElitesDangerous outgroups
Anger0 (0)0 (0)79 (262)16 (53)5 (16)
Contempt0 (0)0 (0)82 (102)17 (21)2 (2)
Fear & insecurity0 (0)0 (0)40 (45)52 (59)8 (9)
Sadness0 (0)12 (1)50 (4)38 (3)0 (0)
Enthusiasm, joy, love, or pride33 (76)63 (143)0 (0)0 (0)4 (9)
Hope40 (51)58 (75)0 (0)0 (0)2 (3)
Nostalgia81 (13)19 (3)0 (0)0 (0)0 (0)
Amusement0 (0)100 (8)0 (0)0 (0)0 (0)

[i] Comments: Row-wise percentages. The “No target” category is excluded from the analysis.

Figure 3

Distribution of emotional appeals and targets by social media platforms (per cent)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/nor-2026-0017 | Journal eISSN: 2001-5119 | Journal ISSN: 1403-1108
Language: English
Page range: 155 - 179
Published on: Sep 27, 2026
Published by: University of Gothenburg Nordicom
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

© 2026 Jesper Eklund, Jon Järviniemi, published by University of Gothenburg Nordicom
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.