FIGURE 1A
FIGURE 1B
Overview of collected cross-platform data
| Country | Platform | Actors (N) | Actors sharing at least one alternative new media URL (N) | Posts collected (N) | Posts with alternative news media URL (N) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Denmark | 4,109 | 2,145 | 14,933,941 | 99,324 | |
| 4chan | 60 | 3 | 406 | 6 | |
| Gab | 228 | 9 | 752,123 | 90 | |
| 60 | 48 | 47,942 | 1,717 | ||
| Telegram | 4,870 | 361 | 21,219,377 | 3,629 | |
| 4,033 | 1,558 | 12,011,025 | 37,765 | ||
| Vkontakte | 365 | 41 | 800,050 | 2,504 | |
| YouTube | 22 | 9 | 86,475 | 200 | |
| Sweden | 14,124 | 4,016 | 32,588,994 | 365,015 | |
| 4chan | 286 | 75 | 5,428 | 187 | |
| Gab | 463 | 72 | 1,331,229 | 1,310 | |
| 269 | 158 | 74,858 | 852 | ||
| Telegram | 9,013 | 1,217 | 29,019,645 | 18,222 | |
| 22,640 | 13,161 | 33,073,640 | 466,229 | ||
| Vkontakte | 1,340 | 477 | 2,222,515 | 14,559 | |
| YouTube | 83 | 18 | 188,351 | 1,028 | |
| Total | 61,965 | 23,368 | 148,355,999 | 1,012,637 |
Digital alternative news communities in Sweden
| Number of (public) accounts | Dominant ideological orientation of shared content | Dominant content profile | Main shared alternative news media domains | Main platforms | Main curators | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SE1 | 196 | Left | Media | Arbetaren, Flamman, Aktuellt Fokus, Proletaren | Twitter, Facebook | “Hyper-tweeting” pundits and journalists, groups with geopolitical focus |
| SE2 | 423 | Left | Issue | Fempers, Feministisk Perspektiv | Twitter, Facebook | Anti-racist, anti-Sweden Democrats groups and hyper-tweeters, left-wing pundits |
| SE3 | 532 | (Anti)Left | Issue | Tidningen Syre | Facebook, Twitter | Pro- and anti-climate/renewables and other environmental organisations and groups |
| SE4 | 236 | Right | Political | Nordfront, Fria Tider, Samnytt, Nya Dagbladet, Nyheter Idag | Twitter, 4chan, VK | Nationalist hyper-tweeters, accounts connected to Nordic Resistance Movement |
| SE5 | 342 | Right | Political | Samtiden, Nyheter Idag | Facebook, Twitter | Accounts connected to Sweden Democrats |
| SE6 | 58 | Right | Political | Samtiden, Nyheter I dag, NB Nyhetsbyrån, Bulletin, Samhällsnytt | Facebook, Twitter | Sweden Democrats accounts, various right-wing groups |
| SE7 | 321 | Right | Media | Svegot, Nationalisten, FriaTider, Samhällsnytt, Nya Dagbladet, Nyheter I dag, Nordfront, Nya Tider | Twitter, Facebook | Accounts connected to Alternative for Sweden movement; mix of anti-system and nationalist pages and groups |
| SE8 | 105 | Right | Media | Det goda Samhallet, Bulletin, Nyheter I dag, NB Nyhetsbyrån, Ledarsidorna, Samtiden | Twitter, Facebook | Right-wing pundits, alternative news media–run pages |
| SE9 | 104 | Right | Media | Samtiden, Ledarsidorna, Samhällsnytt, Nyheter I dag, Bulletin, Det Goda Samhallet, Friatider | Facebook, Twitter | alternative news media–run pages, “anti-PC” accounts, right-wing pundits, anti–mainstream media news groups |
| SE10 | 243 | Right | Media | Exakt24, NyaTider, Fria Tider, Samhällsnytt, Samtiden, NB Nyhetsbyrån, Ledarsidorna, Nyheter Idag | Facebook, Twitter | alternative news media–run pages, nationalist, anti-PC and anti-system interest, and “support” groups |
| SE11 | 691 | Right | Media | Ledarsidorna, Bulletin, Samtiden, Nyheter I dag, NB Nyhetsbyrån | Twitter, Facebook | Variety of comparatively moderate right-wing pundits, hyper-tweeters, and groups |
| SE12 | 298 | Other | Media | Vaken, Nya Dagbladet, Newsvoice, FriaTider, Samhällsnytt, Samtiden, Nyheter I dag, Nyatider | Twitter, Facebook, Telegram | Anti-system groups and hyper-tweeters, some with a nationalist or conspiratorial profile |
| SE13 | 803 | Other | Media | Epoch Times, international alternative news media | Facebook, Gab | Media-critical, anti-systemic and “truther” groups/pages; pundits |
Digital alternative news communities in Denmark
| Number of (public) accounts | Dominant ideological orientation of shared content | Dominant content profile | Main shared alternative news media domains | Main platforms | Main curators | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DK1 | 1,154 | Left | Political/Issue | PioPio, Arbejderen, Solidaritet | Discussion groups, pages of political candidates from different left-wing parties | |
| DK2 | 446 | Right | Political/Issue | Den Korte Avis, 24nyt, 180grader | Pages of right-wing parties and candidates; anti-immigration discussion groups | |
| DK3 | 305 | Right | Political | Frihedens Stemme, 24nyt, Document | Facebook, Reddit | Pages and groups connected to the Hard Line [Stram Kurs] party |
| DK4 | 38 | Right | Media | 24nyt | Facebook, Twitter | 24nyt (shadow) accounts |
| DK5 | 674 | Other | Media | Indblik, NewSpeek, DkDox, Danmarks Frie Fjernsyn | Facebook, Reddit | Alternative news media–run pages and groups; Covid-sceptic discussion groups |
Number of posts and user interactions with alternative news media content, by platform
| Number of posts containing alternative news media URL | Average number of user interactions per post with an alternative news media URL | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alternative news media outlet | Curator | Multi-plication factor | Alternative news media outlet | Curator | Multi-plication factor | |
| 111,754 | 352,585 | 3.16 | 76.23 | 423.52 | 5.56 | |
| 52,374 | 451,620 | 8.62 | 15.98 | 73.16 | 4.58 | |
| YouTube | 682 | 546 | 0.80 | 6,192.16 | 72,113.54 | 11.65 |
| Telegram | 3,204 | 18,647 | 5.82 | 115.55 | 6,143.46 | 53.17 |
| Vkontakte | 3,470 | 13,593 | 3.92 | 4.67 | 25.64 | 5.49 |
| – | 2,569 | – | – | 7.63 | – | |
| 4chan | – | 193 | – | – | 0.63 | – |
| Gab | – | 1,400 | – | – | 41.29 | – |
| Total | 171,484 | 841,153 | 4.91 | 81.44 | 400.32 | 4.92 |
User engagement metrics per platform
| Platform | Metrics |
|---|---|
| reactions, comments, shares | |
| retweets, likes, replies | |
| Vkontakte | comments, likes, reposts |
| score | |
| YouTube | likes, favourites, comments, views |
| Telegram | forwards, views |
| Gab | replies, reblogs, favourites |
| 4chan | upvotes |