References
- Asen, R. (2000). Seeking the “counter” in counterpublics. Communication Theory, 10(4), 424–446.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2000.tb00201.x - Atton, C. (2002). Alternative media. Sage.
https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446220153 - Bengtsson, M., Hansen, A. S., Hartley, J. M., Kristensen, J. B., Mayerhöffer, E., & Ramsland, T. (2021). Conspiracy theories during Covid 19: The case of Denmark. Roskilde University.
https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.5556012 - Benkler, Y., Faris, R., & Roberts, H. (2018). Network propaganda: Manipulation, disinformation, and radicalization in American politics. Oxford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190923624.001.0001 - Bennett, W. L., & Segerberg, A. (2013). The logic of connective action: Digital media and the personalization of contentious politics. Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139198752 - Blondel, V., Guillaume, J.-L., Lambiotte, R., & Lefebvre, E. (2008). Fast unfolding of communities in large networks. Journal of Statistical Mechanics Theory and Experiment, P10008.
https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-5468/2008/10/P10008 - Boberg, S., Quandt, T., Schatto-Eckrodt, T., & Frischlich, L. (2020). Pandemic populism: Facebook pages of alternative news media and the corona crisis – A computational content analysis. arXiv preprint arXiv:2004.02566.
https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2004.02566 - Brems, M. K. (2023). Party-political and ideological partisanship in Danish alternative media: How distinguishing between types of partisanship can advance our understanding of the political roles of alternative media. Journalism Studies, 24(2), 244–269.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2022.2157316 - Brouwer, D. C. (2006). Communication as counterpublic. In G. J. Shepherd, J. St. John, & T. Striphas (Eds.), Communication as…perspectives on theory. Sage.
https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483329055 - Bruns, A. (2005). Gatewatching: Collaborative online news production. Peter Lang.
- Bruns, A. (2015). Working the story: News curation in social media as a second wave of citizen journalism. In C. Atton (Ed.), The Routledge companion to alternative and community media (pp. 379–388). Routledge.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315717241 . - Bruns, A. (2018). Gatewatching and news curation: Journalism social media and the public sphere. Peter Lang.
https://doi.org/10.3726/b13293 - Del Vicario, M., Bessi, A., Zollo, F., Petroni, F., Scala, A., Caldarelli, C., Stanley, H. E., & Quattrociocchi, W. (2016). The spreading of misinformation online. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(3), 554–559.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1517441113 - Downey, J., & Fenton, N. (2003). New media, counter publicity and the public sphere. New Media & Society, 5(2), 185–202.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444803005002003 - Downing, J. D. H. (2001). Radical media: Rebellious communication and social movements. Sage.
https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452204994 - Ekman, M., & Widholm, A. (2022). Parasitic news: Adoption and adaption of journalistic conventions in hybrid political communication. Journalism, 25(2), 295–312.
https://doi.org/10.1177/14648849221136940 - Fraser, N. (1990). Rethinking the public sphere: A contribution to the critique of actually existing democracy. Social Text, 25/26, 56–80.
https://doi.org/10.2307/466240 - Freudenthaler, R. (2020). Which online counter-publics on Facebook are fostering agonistic respect? An assessment of counter-publics debating Germany’s refugee policy. Javnost – The Public, 27(3), 247–265.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2020.1804121 - Giglietto, F., Righetti, N., Rossi, L., & Marino, G. (2020). It takes a village to manipulate the media: Coordinated link sharing behavior during 2018 and 2019 Italian elections. Information, Communication & Society, 23(6), 867–891.
https://doi.org/10/ggsmrg - Graham, T., Bruns, A., Zhu, G., & Campbell, R. (2020). Like a virus: The coordinated spread of coronavirus disinformation. The Australia Institute.
https://eprints.qut.edu.au/202960 - Grimme, C., Assenmacher, D., & Adam, L. (2018). Changing perspectives: Is it sufficient to detect social bots? In G. Meiselwitz (Ed.), Social computing and social media: User experience and behavior (Vol. 10913) (pp. 445–461). Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91521-0_32 - Haanshuus, B. P., & Ihlebæk, K. A. (2021). Recontextualising the news: How antisemitic discourses are constructed in extreme far-right alternative media. Nordicom Review, 42(S1), 37–50.
https://doi.org/10.2478/nor-2021-0005 - Harcup, T. (2012). Alternative journalism, alternative voices. Routledge.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203077214 - Heft, A., & Buehling, K. (2022). Measuring the diffusion of conspiracy theories in digital information ecologies. Convergence, 28(4), 940–961.
https://doi.org/10.1177/13548565221091809 - Heft, A., Knüpfer, C., Reinhardt, S., & Mayerhöffer, E. (2021). Toward a transnational information ecology on the right? Hyperlink networking among right-wing digital news sites in Europe and the United States. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 26(2), 484–504.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161220963670 - Heft, A., Mayerhöffer, E., Reinhardt, S., & Knüpfer, C. (2020). Beyond Breitbart: Comparing right-wing digital news infrastructures in six western democracies. Policy & Internet, 12(1), 20–45.
https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.219 - Herasimenka, A., Bright, J., Knuutila, A., & Howard, P. N. (2022). Misinformation and professional news on largely unmoderated platforms: The case of Telegram. Journal of Information Technology and Politics, 20(2), 198–212.
https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2022.2076272 - Hiaeshutter-Rice, D., & Weeks, B. (2021). Understanding audience engagement with mainstream and alternative news posts on Facebook. Digital Journalism, 9(5), 519–548.
https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2021.1924068 - Holt, K., Figenschou, T. U., & Frischlich, L. (2019). Key dimensions of alternative news media. Digital Journalism, 7(7), 860–869.
https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2019.1625715 - Howard, P. (2020). Lie machines: How to save democracy from troll armies, deceitful robots, junk news operations, and political operatives. Yale University Press.
https://doi.org/10.12987/9780300252415 - Humprecht, E., Hellmueller, L., & Lischka, J. A. (2020). Hostile emotions in news comments: A cross-national analysis of Facebook discussions. Social Media + Society, 6(1).
https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305120912481 - Häussler, T. (2021). Civil society, the media and the internet: Changing roles and challenging authorities in digital political communication ecologies. Information, Communication & Society, 24(9), 1265–1282.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2019.1697338 - Ihlebæk, K. A., Figenschou, T. U., Eldridge II, S. A., Frischlich, L., Cushion, S., & Holt, K. (2022). Understanding alternative news media and its contribution to diversity. Digital Journalism, 10(8), 1267–1282.
https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2022.2134165 - Ihlebæk, K. A., & Nygaard, S. (2021). Right-wing alternative media in the Scandinavian political communication landscape. In E. Skogerbø, Ø. Ihlen, N. N. Kristensen, & L. W. Nord (Eds.), Power, communication, and politics in the Nordic countries (pp. 263–282). Nordicom, University of Gothenburg.
https://doi.org/10.48335/9789188855299-13 - Jackson, S., & Kreiss, D. (2023). Recentering power: Conceptualizing counterpublics and defensive publics. Communication Theory, 33(2–3), 102–111.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ct/qtad004 - Kaiser, J., & Rauchfleisch, A. (2019). Integrating concepts of counterpublics into generalised public sphere frameworks: Contemporary transformations in radical forms. Javnost – The Public, 26(3), 241–257.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2018.1558676 - Kleis Nielsen, R., & Ganter, S. A. (2018). Dealing with digital intermediaries: A case study of the relations between publishers and platforms. New Media & Society, 20(4), 1600–1617.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444817701318 - Kristensen, J. B., Henriksen, F. M., & Mayerhöffer, E. (2023). Did Covid-19 blur partisan boundaries? A comparison of partisan affinity and source heterophily in online alternative news-sharing networks before and during the Covid-19 pandemic. Social Media + Society, 9(3).
https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051231192963 - Larsson, A. O. (2019). News use as amplification: Norwegian national, regional, and hyperpartisan media on Facebook. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 96(3), 721–741.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699019831439 - Lien, A. N. (2022). A battle for truth: Islam-related counterpublic discourse on Scandinavian news media Facebook pages. New Media & Society, OnlineFirst.
https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448211068436 - Loucaides, D., & Perrone, A. (2022, March 10). The media giant you’ve never heard of, and why you should pay attention. openDemocracy.
https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/epoch-times-media-giant-youve-never-heard-of-and-why-you-should-pay-attention/ - Mayerhöffer, E. (2021). How do Danish right-wing alternative media position themselves against the mainstream? Advancing the study of alternative media structure and content. Journalism Studies, 22(2), 119–136.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2020.1814846 - Mayerhöffer, E., & Heft, A. (2022). Between journalistic and movement logic: Disentangling referencing practices of right-wing alternative online news media. Digital Journalism, 10(8), 1409–1430.
https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2021.1974915 - Mayerhöffer, E., & Schwartz, S. A. (2020). Fake eller partisk? Hyperpartiske onlinemedier i den danske valgkamp 2019 [Fake or biased? Hyperpartisan online media in the Danish election campaign 2019]. In I. T. Guldbrandsen, & S. N. Just (Eds.), #FV19: Politisk kommunikation på digitale medier [#FV19: Political communication on digital media] (pp. 203–226). Samfundslitteratur.
- Merten, L., Metoui, N., Makhortykh, M., Trilling, D., & Moeller, J. (2022). News won’t find me? Exploring inequalities in social media news use with tracking data. International Journal of Communication, 16, 1127–1147.
https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17068 - Negt, O., & Kluge, A. (1993). Public sphere and experience: Toward an analysis of the bourgeois and proletarian public sphere. University of Minnesota Press.
- Rae, M. (2021). Hyperpartisan news: Rethinking the media for populist politics. New Media & Society, 23(5), 1117–1132.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444820910416 - Rao, A., Morstatter, F., Hu, M., Chen, E., Burghardt, K., Ferrara, E., & Lerman, K. (2021). Political partisanship and anti-science attitudes in online discussions about Covid-19: Twitter content analysis. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 23(6), e26692.
https://doi.org/10.2196/26692 - Sandberg, L., & Ihlebæk, K. A. (2019). Exploring the link between right-wing alternative media and social media during the Swedish 2018 election. Statsvetenskaplig Tidsskrift, 12, 421–440.
https://journals.lub.lu.se/st/article/view/19816 - Scharkow, M., Mangold, F., Stier, S., & Breuer, J. (2020). How social network sites and other online intermediaries increase exposure to news. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(6), 2761–2763.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1918279117 - Schmidt, A. L., Zollo, F., Scala, A., Betsch, C., & Quattrociocchi, W. (2018). Polarization of the vaccination debate on Facebook. Vaccine, 36(25), 3606–3612.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.05.040 - Schulze, H., Hohner, J., Greipl, S., Girgnhuber, M., Desta, I., & Rieger, D. (2022). Far-right conspiracy groups on fringe platforms: A longitudinal analysis of radicalization dynamics on Telegram. Convergence, 28(4), 1103–1126.
https://doi.org/10.1177/13548565221104977 - Sessa, M. G., Willaert, T., & Van Soest, J. (2022). The disinformative ecosystem: Link sharing practices on Telegram as evidence of cross-platform amplification. EDMO BELUX.
http://tinyurl.com/8ckr4e23 - Simon, M., Welbers, K., Kroon, A. C., & Trilling, D. (2022). Linked in the dark: A network approach to understanding information flows within the Dutch Telegramsphere. Information, Communication & Society, 26(15), 3054–3078.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2022.2133549 - Strömbäck, J. (2023). Political alternative media as a democratic challenge. Digital Journalism, 11(5), 880–887.
https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2023.2178947 - Thorson, K., & Wells, C. (2016). Curated flows: A framework for mapping media exposure in the digital age. Communication Theory, 26(3), 309–328.
https://doi.org/10.1111/comt.12087 - Toepfl, F., & Piwoni, E. (2015). Public spheres in interaction: Comment sections of news websites as counterpublic spaces. Journal of Communication, 65(3), 465–488.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12156 - Warner, M. (2005). Publics and counterpublics. Zone Books.
- Zehring, M., & Domahidi, E. (2023). German corona protest mobilizers on Telegram and their relations to the far right: A network and topic analysis. Social Media + Society, 9(1).
https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051231155106