Regulation of microstructural evolution and tribological performance of extruded magnesium matrix composites reinforced with nano-WS2
By: Zhijian He and Nengru Tao
References
- Singhal, V., Shelly, D., Babbar, A., Lee, S.Y., Park, S.J. Review of wear and mechanical characteristics of Al-Si alloy matrix composites reinforced with natural minerals. Lubricants. 2024;12(10):350
- Hu, S., Wang, F., Du, X., Mao, P., Wang, Z., Zhou, L., et al. Microstructure, mechanical properties and wear resistance of As-Cast Mg–3Al-1Ca-0.4 Mn/Tip magnesium matrix composites. Int. J. Metalcast. 2025;19(3):1422–1437
- Wang, H., Luo, X.C., Zhang, D.T., Qiu, C., Chen, D.L. High-strength extruded magnesium alloys: A critical review. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 2024;199:27–52. 10.1016/j.jmst.2024.01.089
- Sagar, P., Handa, A., Kumar, G. Metallurgical, mechanical and tribological behavior of reinforced magnesium-based composite developed via friction stir processing. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng., Part. E: J. Process. Mech. Eng. 2022;236(4):1440–1451
- Patel, S.K., Singh, S., Shi, L., Liu, L., Zhang, X., Guan, L., et al. Microstructural and biological wear behaviour of hybrid reinforced AZ91D alloy surface composite fabricated by friction stir processing technique. Ceram. Int. 2025; 51: 64337–64354. 10.1016/j.ceramint.2025.11.171
- Rajoria, S.R., Kanti, S.P., Soni, H., Sahoo, B.N. Development, characterization, and mechanical properties of innovative in situ high-entropy alloy reinforced magnesium matrix composites via ultrasonic-assisted processing. J. Manuf. Process. 2025;142:368–386. 10.1016/j.jmapro.2025.03.094
- Ren, J.Y., Ji, G.C., Guo, H.R., Zhou, Y.M., Tan, X., Zheng, W.F., et al. Nano-enhanced phase reinforced magnesium matrix composites: A review of the matrix, reinforcement, interface design, properties and potential applications. Materials. 2024;17(10):2454. 10.3390/ma17102454
- Sahoo, S., Sahoo, B., Panigrahi, S. Investigation into machining performance of microstructurally engineered in-situ particle reinforced magnesium matrix composite. J. Magnes. Alloy. 2023;11(3):916–935
- Bharathi, P., Sampath Kumar, T. Latest research and developments of ceramic reinforced magnesium matrix composites—A comprehensive review. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng., Part. E: J. Process. Mech. Eng. 2023;237(3):1014–1035
- Aliasker, K., Gopal, P., Naveen, S., Madhu, S., Yuvaraj, K. Exploring the effects of self-lubricating MoS2 in magnesium metal matrix composite: investigation on wear, corrosion, and mechanical properties. Colloids Surf. A: Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 2023;677:132362
- Babu, P., Solomon, D.G. Mechanical and tribological properties of magnesium composites–A review. Mater. Today: Proc. 2023;1:422. 10.1016/j.matpr.2023.07.065
- Moradpur-Tari, E., Sarraf-Mamoory, R., Yourdkhani, A. Structural, electronic, and electrochemical studies of WS2 phases using density functional theory and machine learning. Phys. B: Condens. Matter. 2023;650:414568. 10.1016/j.physb.2022.414568
- Ren, G., Wu, X., Cai, W., Gong, P., Chen, Y., Liu, P., et al. WS2 nanosheet thickness modulation for wear-resistant carbon–graphite composites. Tribol. Int. 2026;214:111359. 10.1016/j.triboint.2025.111359
- Zhang, H., Wang, W., Zhang, S., Zhang, Y., Zhou, J., Wang, Z., et al. A novel method based on deep reinforcement learning for machining process route planning. Robot. Comput.-Integr. Manuf. 2024;86:102688. 10.1016/j.rcim.2023.102688
- Dey, A., Pandey, K.M. Wear behaviour of Mg alloys and their composites–a review. Int. J. Mater. Res. 2018;109(11):1050–1070
- Patel, S.K., Shi, L., Kumar, A., Wu, C., Mironov, S., Zhou, M., et al. A critical review on development of magnesium-based bio-implants surface composite through friction stir processing route. Crit. Rev. Solid. State Mater. Sci. 2025;7:1–86
- Li, Q., Zhang, X., Wang, L., Qiao, J. The effect of extrusion and heat treatment on the microstructure and tensile properties of 2024 aluminum alloy. Materials. 2022;15(21):7566. 10.3390/ma15217566
- Zhou, H., Ruan, A., Zhang, H., Wang, B., Sun, J., Qin, S., et al. Hot deformation behavior and dynamic recrystallization mechanism of Cr-Co-Ni particle-reinforced AZ31 magnesium matrix composite. J. Alloy. Compd. 2025;1022:179923
- Yuan, L., Zheng, B., Kunstmann, J., Brumme, T., Kuc, A.B., Ma, C., et al. Twist-angle-dependent interlayer exciton diffusion in WS2–WSe2 heterobilayers. Nat. Mater. 2020;19(6):617–623. 10.1038/s41563-020-0670-3
- Zhong, Y., Yue, S., Liang, J., Yuan, L., Xia, Y., Tian, Y., et al. Twist angle-dependent exciton mobility in WS2 bilayers. Nano Lett. 2025;25(13):5274–5282. 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5c00027
- Somveer, Ahlawat, D.S., Singh, D., Gangwar, J. Enhanced structural, morphological and optical properties of WS2 nanorods synthesized via hydrothermal methodology. Mater. Sci. Eng.: B. 2025;313:117935. 10.1016/j.mseb.2024.117935
- Almotairy, S.M., Alharthi, N.H., Alharbi, H.F., Abdo, H.S. Superior mechanical performance of inductively sintered Al/SiC nanocomposites processed by novel milling route. Sci. Rep. 2020;10(1):10368. 10.1038/s41598-020-67198-w
- Desai, K.R., Alone, S.T., Wadgane, S.R., Shirsath, S.E., Batoo, K.M., Imran, A., et al. X-ray diffraction based Williamson–Hall analysis and rietveld refinement for strain mechanism in Mg–Mn co-substituted CdFe2O4 nanoparticles. Phys. B: Condens. Matter. 2021;614:413054. 10.1016/j.physb.2021.413054
- Ye, J., Chen, X., Luo, H., Zhao, J., Li, J., Tan, J., et al. Microstructure, mechanical properties and wear resistance of Ti particles reinforced AZ31 magnesium matrix composites. J. Magnes. Alloy. 2022;10(8):2266–2279
- Liu, A., Wang, R., Zhang, X., Feng, J., Li, W., Yu, S., et al. On the friction and wear behaviors of a magnesium matrix composite containing 20 vol% Mg2Sn reinforcement. Tribol. Trans. 2025;13:1–13
- Singhal, V., Shelly, D., Saxena, A., Gupta, R., Verma, V.K., Jain, A. Study of the influence of nanoparticle reinforcement on the mechanical and tribological performance of aluminum matrix composites—a review. Lubricants. 2025;13(2):93
- Khodabakhshi, F., Simchi, A., Kokabi, A. Surface modifications of an aluminum-magnesium alloy through reactive stir friction processing with titanium oxide nanoparticles for enhanced sliding wear resistance. Surf. Coat. Technol. 2017;309:114–123
- Xue, C., Gao, B., Han, T., Che, C., Chu, Z., Tuo, L. Dislocation evolution mechanism of plastic deformation process of AZ31 magnesium alloy with different grain size. Comput. Mater. Sci. 2024;231:112606. 10.1016/j.commatsci.2023.112606
- Rahman, M.A., Yomogida, Y., Ahad, A., Ueji, K., Nagano, M., Ihara, A., et al. Synthesis and optical properties of WS2 nanotubes with relatively small diameters. Sci. Rep. 2023;13(1):16959. 10.1038/s41598-023-44072-z
- Vedabouriswaran, G., Aravindan, S. Wear characteristics of friction stir processed magnesium RZ5 composites. J. Tribol. 2019;141(4):041601
- Banerjee, S., Sahoo, P., Davim, J.P. Tribological characterisation of magnesium matrix nanocomposites: A review. Adv. Mech. Eng. 2021;13(4):16878140211009025
- Aydın, F. Tribological aspects of magnesium matrix composites: A review of recent experimental studies. Tribol.-Mater., Surf. Interfaces. 2023;17(4):363–396
- Li, C., Sang, D., Ge, S., Zou, L., Wang, Q. Recent excellent optoelectronic applications based on two-dimensional WS2 nanomaterials: A review. Molecules. 2024;29(14):3341. 10.3390/molecules29143341
- Wang, C.-r., Deng, K.-k. Microstructure, and mechanical and wear properties of Grp/AZ91 magnesium matrix composites. Materials. 2019;12(7):1190
- Xia, Y., Zhang, X., Zhao, D., Rong, X., He, C., Zhao, N. Breaking the strength-ductility trade-off for metal matrix composites: A review of the role of nanoscale reinforcement dimension on the deformation and strengthening mechanisms. Rev. Mater. Res. 2025;1(1):100019. 10.1016/j.revmat.2025.100019
- Tang, Y., Wang, H., Ouyang, X., Wang, C., Huang, Q., Zhao, Q., et al. Overcoming strength-ductility tradeoff with high pressure thermal treatment. Nat. Commun. 2024;15(1):3932. 10.1038/s41467-024-48435-6
- Žemlička, R., Souček, P., Vogl, P., Jílek, M., Buršíková, V., Vašina, P., et al. On the significance of running-in of hard nc-TiC/a-C:H coating for short-term repeating machining. Surf. Coat. Technol. 2017;315:17–23. 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2017.02.020
- Gazzato, L., Missale, E., Asnicar, D., Sedona, F., Speranza, G., Del Giudice, A., et al. Structural insights into the mechanical behavior of large-area 2D covalent organic framework nanofilms. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2025;17(17):25819–25827. 10.1021/acsami.5c03512
- Rodríguez Ripoll, M., Tomala, A.M., Pirker, L., Remškar, M. In-situ formation of MoS2 and WS2 tribofilms by the synergy between transition metal oxide nanoparticles and sulphur-containing oil additives. Tribol. Lett. 2020;68(1):41. 10.1007/s11249-020-1286-0
- Guo, L., Yin, Y., Gao, L., Lin, H., Liu, Y., Le, K., et al. Tribofilm formation by Fe3O4 nanoparticles as lubricant additives: Microscopic insights into growth conditions and mechanisms. Tribol. Lett. 2025;73(2):50. 10.1007/s11249-025-01988-z
- Liu, Y., Liu, C.H., Debnath, T., Wang, Y., Pohl, D., Besteiro, L.V., et al. Silver nanoparticle enhanced metal-organic matrix with interface-engineering for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Nat. Commun. 2023;14(1):541. 10.1038/s41467-023-35981-8
- Nam, J.M., Owen, J.S., Talapin, D.V. The ligand–surface interface and its influence on nanoparticle properties. Acc. Chem. Res. 2023;56(17):2265–2266. 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00416
- Matsuda, T., Hayashi, K., Iwamoto, C., Nozawa, T., Ohata, M., Hirose, A. Crack initiation and propagation behavior of dissimilar interface with intermetallic compound layer in Al/steel joint using coupled multiscale mechanical testing. Mater. Des. 2023;235:112420. 10.1016/j.matdes.2023.112420
- Li, B., Chen, H., Li, G., Wei, G., Xie, W. Strengthening and toughening mechanisms of CNTs/Mg–Al composites prepared via powder metallurgy combined with hot extrusion. Vacuum. 2023;214:112210. 10.1016/j.vacuum.2023.112210
- Zhang, Y., Nizolek, T.J., Capolungo, L., Li, N., Carpenter, J.S., McCabe, R.J. Strong interfaces: the key to high strength in nano metallic laminates. Acta Mater. 2024;280:120298. 10.1016/j.actamat.2024.120298
- Wang, G., Zhang, Y., Liu, J., Chen, W., Wang, K., Cui, B., et al. Dispersion hardening using amorphous nanoparticles deployed via additive manufacturing. Nat. Commun. 2025;16(1):3589. 10.1038/s41467-025-58893-1
- Zhu, J., Qi, J., Guan, D., Ma, L., Dwyer-Joyce, R. Tribological behaviour of self-lubricating Mg matrix composites reinforced with silicon carbide and tungsten disulfide. Tribol. Int. 2020;146:106253. 10.1016/j.triboint.2020.106253
- Subramani, M., Huang, S.J., Borodianskiy, K. Effect of WS2 nanotubes on the mechanical and wear behaviors of AZ31 stir casted magnesium metal matrix composites. J. Compos. Sci. 2022;6(7):182. 10.3390/jcs6070182
- Narayanasamy, P., Selvakumar, N. Tensile, compressive and wear behaviour of self-lubricating sintered magnesium based composites. Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China. 2017;27(2):312–323. 10.1016/S1003-6326(17)60036-0
Language: English
Page range: 50 - 66
Submitted on: Jan 28, 2026
Accepted on: Mar 11, 2026
Published on: Apr 20, 2026
Published by: Wroclaw University of Science and Technology
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year
Keywords:
Related subjects:
© 2026 Zhijian He, Nengru Tao, published by Wroclaw University of Science and Technology
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.