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Titanium dioxide nanotubes incorporated carboxymethyl cellulose 2D film and 3D scaffold for bone tissue treatment Cover

Titanium dioxide nanotubes incorporated carboxymethyl cellulose 2D film and 3D scaffold for bone tissue treatment

Materials Science-Poland
Volume 43 (2025): Issue 4 (December 2025)
By: Lei Ren,  Tuo Jia,  Mahani Yusoff,  Nur Ain Atisya C. M. Khairuddin,  Nur Adibah Roslan,  Alina Irwana Muhamad A’srai,  Mohd Hasmizam Razali and  Zhimin Kang  
Open Access
|Dec 2025

Figures & Tables

Figure 1

Photo images of (a) synthesis TiO2NT powder, (b) CMC + 10 wt% TiO2NT 2D film, and (c) CMC + 10 wt% TiO2NT 3D scaffold.
Photo images of (a) synthesis TiO2NT powder, (b) CMC + 10 wt% TiO2NT 2D film, and (c) CMC + 10 wt% TiO2NT 3D scaffold.

Figure 2

(a) SEM, (b) TEM, and (c) high resolution TEM micrographs of hydrothermally synthesized TiO2NT.
(a) SEM, (b) TEM, and (c) high resolution TEM micrographs of hydrothermally synthesized TiO2NT.

Figure 3

SEM micrograph of (a) CMC + 10 wt% TiO2NT 2D film and (b) CMC + 10 wt% TiO2NT 3D scaffold.
SEM micrograph of (a) CMC + 10 wt% TiO2NT 2D film and (b) CMC + 10 wt% TiO2NT 3D scaffold.

Figure 4

FTIR spectra of (a) TiO2NT, (b) CMC + 10 wt% TiO2NT 2D film, and (c) CMC + 10 wt% TiO2NT 3D scaffold CMC scaffold.
FTIR spectra of (a) TiO2NT, (b) CMC + 10 wt% TiO2NT 2D film, and (c) CMC + 10 wt% TiO2NT 3D scaffold CMC scaffold.

Figure 5

XRD patterns of (a) TiO2NT, (b) CMC + 10 wt% TiO2NT 2D film, and (c) CMC + 10 wt% TiO2NT 3D scaffold CMC scaffold.
XRD patterns of (a) TiO2NT, (b) CMC + 10 wt% TiO2NT 2D film, and (c) CMC + 10 wt% TiO2NT 3D scaffold CMC scaffold.

Figure 6

TGA curves of (a) TiO2NT, (b) CMC + 10 wt% TiO2NT 2D film, and (c) CMC + 10 wt% TiO2NT 3D scaffold CMC scaffold.
TGA curves of (a) TiO2NT, (b) CMC + 10 wt% TiO2NT 2D film, and (c) CMC + 10 wt% TiO2NT 3D scaffold CMC scaffold.

Figure 7

(a) SEM micrograph, (b) EDX spectra, and (c) XRD pattern of CMC + 10 wt% TiO2NT 2D film after immersion in SBF for 1 week.
(a) SEM micrograph, (b) EDX spectra, and (c) XRD pattern of CMC + 10 wt% TiO2NT 2D film after immersion in SBF for 1 week.

Figure 8

(a) SEM micrograph, (b) EDX spectra, and (c) XRD pattern of CMC + 10 wt% TiO2NT 3D scaffold after immersion in SBF for 1 week.
(a) SEM micrograph, (b) EDX spectra, and (c) XRD pattern of CMC + 10 wt% TiO2NT 3D scaffold after immersion in SBF for 1 week.

Figure 9

Biodegradation of CMC + 10 wt% TiO2NT 2D film and 3D scaffold within 24 h.
Biodegradation of CMC + 10 wt% TiO2NT 2D film and 3D scaffold within 24 h.

Swelling and porosity of CMC + 10 wt% TiO2NT 2D film and 3D scaffold_

SampleSwelling (%)Porosity (%)
CMC + 10 wt% TiO2NT 2D film1718.42 ± 8.4268.13
CMC + 10 wt% TiO2NT 3D scaffold1880.90 ± 10.2291.28
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/msp-2025-0048 | Journal eISSN: 2083-134X | Journal ISSN: 2083-1331
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Language: English
Page range: 151 - 165
Submitted on: Apr 13, 2025
|
Accepted on: Dec 18, 2025
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Published on: Dec 31, 2025
Published by: Wroclaw University of Science and Technology
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year
Keywords:
Bone,
Composite materials,
Biomaterials,
Biopolymer
Related subjects:
Materials sciences,
Materials sciences, other,
Nanomaterials,
Functional and smart materials,
Materials characterization and properties

© 2025 Lei Ren, Tuo Jia, Mahani Yusoff, Nur Ain Atisya C. M. Khairuddin, Nur Adibah Roslan, Alina Irwana Muhamad A’srai, Mohd Hasmizam Razali, Zhimin Kang, published by Wroclaw University of Science and Technology
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

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