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Experimental and first-principles investigation of high entropy superalloys produced by powder injection moulding method Cover

Experimental and first-principles investigation of high entropy superalloys produced by powder injection moulding method

Materials Science-Poland
Volume 43 (2025): Issue 4 (December 2025)
By: ,   and    
Open Access
|Dec 2025
Figures & tables

Figures & Tables

Table 1

Chemical compositions of the HESA.

AlloyChemical Composition (wt%)
AlCoCrFeMnNiTi
(1)Al15Co9Cr16Fe20Mn4Ni33Ti3 15916204333
(2)Al15Co4Cr16Fe20Mn4Ni38Ti3 15416204383
(3)Al20Co4Cr16Fe20Mn4Ni33Ti3 20416204333
(4)Al20Co9Cr16Fe15Mn4Ni33Ti3 20916154333
(5)Al20Co9Cr11Fe20Mn4Ni33Ti3 20911204333
(6)Al24Co6Cr11Fe23Mn3Ni30Ti3 24611233303
(7)Al25Co5Cr10Fe25Mn3Ni27Ti5 25510253275
Table 2

Parameters of the atoms.

AlCoCrFeMnNiTi[Refs.]
Mass Number26.98258.93351.99655.84554.93858.69347.867[18,19]
r (nm)0.14310.12510.12490.12410.13500.12450.1461[18,19]
T m (K)9331,7682,1801,8111,5191,7281,941[18,19]
VEC39687104[18,19]
Table 3

Mixing enthalpy values (kJ/mol) of the binary alloys [18,19].

AlCoCrFeMnNiTi
Al—−19−10−11−20−22−60
Co−19—−4−1−50−28
Cr−10−4—−12−7−7
Fe−10−1−1—0−2−17
Mn−20−520—−8−11
Ni−220−72−8—−35
Ti−60−28−7−17−11−35—
Table 4

Calculated parameters of the AlCoCrFeMnNiTi based HESAs.

HESAVEC (e/a) δ (%)ΔS mix (J/K mol)ΔH mix (kJ/mol)Ω
Al15Co9Cr16Fe20Mn4Ni33Ti3 7.9856.7913.78394−10.8982.222
Al15Co4Cr16Fe20Mn4Ni38Ti3 8.0416.7912.97311−11.1832.035
Al20Co4Cr16Fe20Mn4Ni33Ti3 7.7916.7713.47905−12.5211.866
Al20Co9Cr16Fe15Mn4Ni33Ti3 7.8506.7413.94583−12.7651.892
Al20Co9Cr11Fe20Mn4Ni33Ti3 7.9546.7413.80207−12.3381.917
Al24Co6Cr11Fe23Mn3Ni30Ti3 7.7476.7013.64152−13.2231.753
Al25Co5Cr10Fe25Mn3Ni27Ti5 7.5756.6713.86842−15.0531.561
Figure 1

HESA production by PIM method.

Figure 2

Aging heat treatment by using sliding-flange tube furnace.

Figure 3

Photograph of injected specimens with varied metal contents (left), photograph of sintered specimen (right).

Figure 4

XRD patterns of the elemental powders and sintered HESA.

Figure 5

XRD patterns of the elemental powders and sintered HESA.

Figure 6

(a) SEM of as-sintered specimen, (b) SEM of solution treated specimen, (c) SEM of aged specimen, (d) EDS of aged specimen.

Figure 7

Optic microscope picture of the aged specimen.

Figure 8

Effect of heat treatment (left), and composition on the Tafel curves (right).

Figure 9

EIS test results of the HESA (left), electrical circuit model (right).

Figure 10

Effect of heat treatment (left), and composition on the Young’s modulus of the specimen (right).

Figure 11

Effect of heat treatment (left), and composition on the wear of the specimens (right).

Figure 12

Effect of heat treatment (left), and composition on the conductivity of the specimens (right).

Table 5

Strength values of the HESA.

AlloyTensile strength (MPa)
(1)Al15Co9Cr16Fe20Mn4Ni33Ti3 765
(2)Al15Co4Cr16Fe20Mn4Ni38Ti3 742
(3)Al20Co4Cr16Fe20Mn4Ni33Ti3 680
(4)Al20Co9Cr16Fe15Mn4Ni33Ti3 685
(5)Al20Co9Cr11Fe20Mn4Ni33Ti3 690
(6)Al24Co6Cr11Fe23Mn3Ni30Ti3 690
(7)Al25Co5Cr10Fe25Mn3Ni27Ti5 699
ReferenceInconel 718 (NiCr19Fe19Nb5Mo3)1,050
Figure 13

Unit cell (left), and superlattice (right).

Figure 14

Elastic constants of the high entropy alloys.

Figure 15

Young’s (E), shear (G) and bulk (B) modulus values of the alloys.

Figure 16

Poisson’s ratio and G/B ratio values of the alloys.

Figure 17

Energy values of the alloys at Fermi level.

Figure 18

Effect of heat treatment (left), and composition on the DSC curves of the specimens (right).

Figure 19

Oxidation results of the specimens at different durations.

Table 6

Mean cost and density values of the HESA.

AlloyCost (US$/tonne)Density (g/cm3)
(1)Al15Co9Cr16Fe20Mn4Ni33Ti3 12,0037.29
(2)Al15Co4Cr16Fe20Mn4Ni38Ti3 10,7297.29
(3)Al20Co4Cr16Fe20Mn4Ni33Ti3 9,9576.98
(4)Al20Co9Cr16Fe15Mn4Ni33Ti3 12,1107.04
(5)Al20Co9Cr11Fe20Mn4Ni33Ti3 11,7737.07
(6)Al24Co6Cr11Fe23Mn3Ni30Ti3 10,0276.80
(7)Al25Co5Cr10Fe25Mn3Ni27Ti5 9,1706.65
ReferenceInconel 718 (NiCr19Fe19Nb5Mo3)17,6178.67
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/msp-2025-0046 | Journal eISSN: 2083-134X (formerly 2083-124X) | Journal ISSN: 2083-1331
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Language: English
Page range: 134 - 150
Submitted on: Jun 5, 2025
Accepted on: Dec 16, 2025
Published on: Dec 31, 2025
Published by: Wroclaw University of Science and Technology
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Keywords:
Superalloys,
High entropy,
Aircraft,
Heat treatment,
Powder injection moulding
Related subjects:
Materials sciences,
Materials sciences, other,
Nanomaterials,
Functional and smart materials,
Materials characterization and properties

© 2025 Emre Atakan Meric, Berke Soy, Ilven Mutlu, published by Wroclaw University of Science and Technology
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Volume 43 (2025): Issue 4 (December 2025)
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