Table 1.
The chemical composition of cement and CWP
| Oxide | Content, % | |
|---|---|---|
| CWP | Cement | |
| CaO | 6.50 | 60.51 |
| Al2O3 | 11.98 | 3.194 |
| SiO2 | 49.04 | 16.91 |
| Fe2O3 | 1.44 | 4.360 |
| MgO | 0.83 | 2.479 |
| K2O | 1.48 | 0.495 |
| Na2O | 0.89 | 1.429 |
| SO3 | 0.19 | 3.146 |
| TiO2 | 0.48 | — |

Fig. 1.
The particle size distribution of cement and CWP with different grinding times

Fig. 2.
Findings from the sieve analysis of the sand

Fig. 3.
The CWP after grinding
Table 2.
Mix details of high=strength mortars as a binder (CWP + cement) weight ratio
| Mix designation* | Group type | Sand | Cement | CWP | Water/binder | Superplasticizer |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control | — | 2.75 | 1 | 0.0 | 0.30 | 0.0186 |
| GT10CWP10 | GT10 | 2.75 | 0.90 | 0.10 | 0.30 | 0.0186 |
| GT10CWP20 | 2.75 | 0.80 | 0.20 | 0.30 | 0.0186 | |
| GT10CWP30 | 2.75 | 0.70 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.0186 | |
| GT15CWP10 | GT15 | 2.75 | 0.90 | 0.10 | 0.30 | 0.0186 |
| GT15CWP20 | 2.75 | 0.80 | 0.20 | 0.30 | 0.0186 | |
| GT15CWP30 | 2.75 | 0.70 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.0186 | |
| GT20CWP10 | GT20 | 2.75 | 0.90 | 0.10 | 0.30 | 0.0186 |
| GT20CWP20 | 2.75 | 0.80 | 0.20 | 0.30 | 0.0186 | |
| GT20CWP30 | 2.75 | 0.70 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.0186 |

Fig. 4.
Flow rate results of high-strength mortar with and without CWP

Fig. 5.
Compressive strength findings at 28 and 56 days of high strength mortar with and without CWP

Fig. 6.
Bulk density results of high-strength mortar with and without CWP

Fig. 7.
Water absorption results of high-strength mortar with and without CWP

Fig. 8.
UPV results of high-strength mortar with and without CWP

Fig. 9.
Dynamic of elasticity results of high-strength mortar with and without CWP

Fig. 10.
Electrical resistivity results of high strength mortar with and without CWP

Fig. 11.
Percentage of permeable void results of high strength mortar with and without CWP

Fig. 12.
SEM micrographs of the (a) control mixture and (b) mixture containing 30% CWP (GT15CWP30)

Fig. 13.
Global warming potential (kg CO2 eq.)

Fig. 14.
kg CO2 eq./MPa