Multi-Trait Composite Performance Index for the Identification of Elite Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) Genotypes with Superior Kernel Efficiency

Mederbek Zhaanbaev; Ozkan Kaya

doi:10.2478/mittklbg-2025-0016

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Multi-Trait Composite Performance Index for the Identification of Elite Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) Genotypes with Superior Kernel Efficiency

Mitteilungen Klosterneuburg: Journal of Viticulture, Oenology, Pomology and Fruit Processing

Volume 75 (2025): Issue 4 (December 2025)

By: Mederbek Zhaanbaev and Ozkan Kaya

Open Access

|Dec 2025

Figures & Tables

An image from the area under investigation (original)

Appearances of 19 promising pistachio genotypes (original images)

Tab. 1:

Physical and chemical characteristics, Z-score values, and rankings of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) genotypes

Genotypes	Size	In-shell Weight	Split Ratio	Shell Thickness	Kernel Yield	CPI	Rank	Z_Size	Z_In-shell Weight	Z_Split Ratio	Z_Shell Thickness	Z_Kernel Yield
KS-001	1.9	0.9	100.0	0.8	44.7	-0.2	106.0	1.8	2.1	0.8	2.0	-1.3
KS-002	1.5	0.7	78.0	0.7	51.2	0.1	78.0	0.5	0.7	-0.2	0.8	0.6
KS-003	1.3	0.6	6.6	0.7	51.6	-0.7	144.0	-0.5	-0.4	-3.3	0.3	0.7
KS-004	1.0	0.5	53.3	0.7	47.7	-0.8	151.0	-1.5	-1.4	-1.3	0.4	-0.4
KS-005	2.0	0.6	43.7	0.8	45.1	-0.7	145.0	2.3	0.0	-1.7	1.0	-1.1
KS-006	0.9	0.4	100.0	0.6	52.1	0.0	93.0	-2.1	-2.2	0.8	-0.4	0.8
KS-007	1.2	0.6	63.6	0.8	40.3	-1.7	168.0	-0.9	-0.9	-0.8	2.1	-2.5
KS-008	1.3	0.6	67.7	0.6	51.1	0.0	85.0	-0.5	-0.5	-0.6	-0.6	0.5
KS-009	1.1	0.5	100.0	0.7	46.9	-0.4	135.0	-1.3	-1.2	0.8	0.3	-0.7
KS-010	1.4	0.6	82.3	0.7	51.6	0.2	75.0	0.1	-0.2	0.0	0.0	0.7
KS-011	1.2	0.6	57.5	0.9	39.0	-1.9	169.0	-0.8	-0.6	-1.1	2.7	-2.8
KS-012	0.8	0.4	100.0	0.6	44.5	-0.7	147.0	-2.4	-2.5	0.8	-0.4	-1.3
KS-013	1.0	0.5	97.0	0.6	48.1	-0.2	107.0	-1.4	-1.5	0.6	-0.4	-0.3
KS-014	1.0	0.5	96.8	0.6	47.9	-0.3	112.0	-1.5	-1.6	0.6	-0.4	-0.4
KS-015	1.2	0.5	83.8	0.7	43.2	-0.8	148.0	-1.0	-1.0	0.1	0.0	-1.7
KS-016	1.2	0.6	97.0	0.7	46.6	-0.3	125.0	-0.8	-0.8	0.6	0.2	-0.7
KS-017	1.2	0.6	100.0	0.6	49.2	0.1	76.0	-0.7	-0.8	0.8	-0.7	0.0
KS-018	1.0	0.4	96.8	0.6	47.5	-0.3	127.0	-1.7	-2.0	0.6	-0.6	-0.5
KS-019	1.4	0.6	94.2	0.7	49.6	-0.1	99.0	-0.2	-0.5	0.5	0.7	0.1
KS-020	1.2	0.5	95.0	0.7	46.6	-0.6	140.0	-0.9	-1.1	0.6	0.8	-0.7
KS-021	1.0	0.4	100.0	0.6	47.3	-0.3	116.0	-1.6	-2.0	0.8	-0.7	-0.5
KS-022	1.3	0.6	93.7	0.7	46.6	-0.4	132.0	-0.6	-0.8	0.5	0.4	-0.7
KS-023	1.2	0.6	68.7	0.7	42.8	-1.1	158.0	-0.8	-0.8	-0.6	0.8	-1.8
KS-024	1.0	0.5	75.0	0.7	41.0	-1.3	163.0	-1.8	-1.9	-0.3	0.3	-2.3
KS-025	1.4	0.7	97.0	0.7	45.7	-0.3	120.0	0.2	0.1	0.6	0.7	-1.0
KS-026	1.4	0.6	96.0	0.6	52.9	0.5	40.0	0.0	-0.3	0.6	-0.6	1.0
KS-027	1.4	0.6	78.0	0.6	51.9	0.3	61.0	0.0	-0.2	-0.2	-0.6	0.8
KS-028	1.3	0.6	93.7	0.8	43.8	-0.9	152.0	-0.3	-0.5	0.5	1.6	-1.5
KS-029	1.3	0.6	90.3	0.7	50.7	0.1	79.0	-0.5	-0.7	0.4	-0.2	0.4
KS-030	1.4	0.6	100.0	0.7	47.7	-0.2	102.0	0.0	0.0	0.8	0.8	-0.4
KS-031	1.2	0.6	39.3	0.8	42.0	-1.4	165.0	-0.8	-0.4	-1.9	1.3	-2.0
KS-032	0.9	0.4	81.0	0.6	49.9	-0.4	131.0	-2.0	-2.2	-0.1	-0.3	0.2
KS-033	1.1	0.5	90.6	0.7	46.4	-0.6	143.0	-1.0	-1.2	0.4	0.5	-0.8
KS-034	1.4	0.6	90.9	0.7	47.5	-0.3	113.0	-0.2	-0.1	0.4	0.7	-0.5
KS-035	1.5	0.7	93.7	0.7	49.3	0.0	89.0	0.6	0.4	0.5	0.9	0.0
KS-036	1.1	0.6	93.5	0.7	49.0	-0.3	124.0	-1.3	-0.9	0.5	0.5	-0.1
KS-037	1.4	0.6	65.6	0.7	49.3	-0.3	114.0	-0.1	-0.7	-0.7	0.0	0.0
KS-038	1.3	0.6	95.0	0.7	45.4	-0.5	139.0	-0.6	-0.3	0.6	0.9	-1.1
KS-039	1.3	0.6	100.0	0.7	47.1	-0.2	105.0	-0.5	-0.4	0.8	0.3	-0.6
KS-040	1.2	0.6	97.0	0.8	41.0	-1.2	162.0	-0.9	-0.9	0.6	1.5	-2.3
KS-041	1.2	0.5	97.0	0.7	46.7	-0.4	134.0	-1.0	-1.3	0.6	0.2	-0.7
KS-042	1.3	0.6	93.5	0.7	50.1	0.0	90.0	-0.3	-0.7	0.5	0.2	0.3
KS-043	1.0	0.5	100.0	0.7	50.0	-0.3	119.0	-1.7	-1.9	0.8	0.3	0.2
KS-044	1.0	0.5	88.2	0.8	43.2	-1.1	160.0	-1.4	-1.5	0.3	1.0	-1.7
KS-045	1.4	0.7	5.0	0.8	48.5	-1.1	161.0	0.1	0.6	-3.4	2.0	-0.2
KS-046	1.1	0.5	90.3	0.7	44.6	-0.8	150.0	-1.1	-1.2	0.4	0.8	-1.3
KS-047	1.0	0.5	100.0	0.6	53.5	0.4	48.0	-1.7	-1.9	0.8	-1.4	1.2
KS-048	1.0	0.5	100.0	0.6	54.6	0.4	55.0	-1.7	-1.9	0.8	-0.8	1.5
KS-049	1.3	0.6	97.0	0.8	50.6	-0.2	108.0	-0.3	-0.5	0.6	1.5	0.4
KS-050	0.8	0.4	95.0	0.7	49.8	-0.4	133.0	-2.2	-2.2	0.6	0.0	0.2
KS-051	2.2	0.9	15.0	0.7	50.2	0.1	83.0	3.3	2.2	-2.9	0.4	0.3
KS-052	1.3	0.6	100.0	0.7	51.4	0.2	68.0	-0.5	-0.4	0.8	0.0	0.6
KS-053	1.5	0.6	97.0	0.7	46.6	-0.3	109.0	0.2	-0.3	0.6	0.5	-0.7
KS-054	1.5	0.7	91.0	0.7	50.3	0.2	70.0	0.4	0.2	0.4	0.2	0.3
KS-055	1.6	0.8	52.0	0.8	47.4	-0.6	141.0	0.8	1.0	-1.3	1.5	-0.5
KS-056	1.3	0.6	43.7	0.7	45.3	-0.9	153.0	-0.4	-0.3	-1.7	0.7	-1.1
KS-057	1.3	0.6	97.0	0.6	49.8	0.2	69.0	-0.4	-0.4	0.6	-0.6	0.2
KS-058	1.5	0.6	90.3	0.6	55.5	0.8	13.0	0.2	0.0	0.4	-0.9	1.7
KS-059	1.0	0.5	84.3	0.7	43.2	-1.1	159.0	-1.7	-1.9	0.1	0.5	-1.7
KS-060	1.3	0.6	81.8	0.7	48.4	-0.4	128.0	-0.4	-0.2	0.0	0.9	-0.2
KS-061	0.9	0.5	96.8	0.8	45.2	-1.0	156.0	-1.9	-1.8	0.6	1.3	-1.1
KS-062	1.8	0.8	93.5	0.8	45.2	-0.3	121.0	1.4	1.3	0.5	1.6	-1.1
KS-063	1.5	0.7	97.0	0.8	44.0	-0.7	146.0	0.4	0.4	0.6	2.1	-1.5
KS-064	1.3	0.7	95.0	0.7	47.1	-0.2	103.0	-0.3	0.2	0.6	0.5	-0.6
KS-065	1.4	0.6	60.0	0.7	47.2	-0.6	142.0	0.2	-0.2	-1.0	0.8	-0.6
KS-066	1.0	0.5	96.8	0.7	51.9	-0.1	96.0	-1.8	-1.6	0.6	-0.1	0.8
KS-067	1.0	0.5	100.0	0.7	48.0	-0.5	137.0	-1.7	-1.4	0.8	0.5	-0.3
KS-068	1.3	0.6	50.0	0.7	45.6	-0.9	154.0	-0.5	-0.8	-1.4	0.7	-1.0
KS-069	1.2	0.6	48.4	0.7	50.8	-0.4	130.0	-0.7	-0.3	-1.5	0.4	0.4
KS-070	1.2	0.6	70.0	0.8	42.2	-1.4	164.0	-0.7	-0.4	-0.5	2.1	-1.9
KS-071	1.1	0.5	90.3	0.8	46.1	-0.8	149.0	-1.3	-1.0	0.4	1.1	-0.9
KS-072	1.4	0.6	94.0	0.7	44.7	-0.5	138.0	-0.1	-0.3	0.5	0.7	-1.2
KS-073	1.1	0.5	83.8	0.6	48.5	-0.3	123.0	-1.3	-1.5	0.1	-0.3	-0.2
KS-074	1.2	0.6	40.0	0.7	46.4	-0.9	155.0	-0.9	-0.2	-1.9	0.8	-0.8
KS-075	1.3	0.6	48.3	0.8	42.0	-1.5	167.0	-0.4	-0.1	-1.5	2.1	-2.0
KS-076	1.6	0.7	93.5	0.5	54.9	1.1	4.0	0.6	0.4	0.5	-1.5	1.6
KS-077	1.4	0.6	93.7	0.7	50.3	0.2	74.0	0.1	-0.1	0.5	0.0	0.3
KS-078	1.7	0.7	16.0	0.5	46.4	-0.2	101.0	1.1	0.8	-2.9	-1.7	-0.8
KS-079	1.2	0.6	50.0	0.6	47.2	-0.3	126.0	-0.9	-0.6	-1.4	-1.2	-0.6
KS-080	1.6	0.7	75.0	0.6	54.4	0.7	20.0	0.6	0.4	-0.3	-1.0	1.4
KS-081	1.5	0.7	97.0	0.6	50.5	0.4	53.0	0.3	0.1	0.6	-0.3	0.4
KS-082	1.6	0.7	7.0	0.7	51.9	-0.3	110.0	0.8	0.7	-3.3	0.0	0.8
KS-083	1.4	0.7	13.0	0.8	47.0	-1.0	157.0	-0.2	0.4	-3.0	1.0	-0.6
KS-084	1.5	0.7	91.7	0.6	50.9	0.4	46.0	0.2	0.4	0.4	-0.4	0.5
KS-085	1.6	0.7	84.0	0.7	46.6	-0.1	97.0	0.6	0.7	0.1	0.3	-0.7
KS-086	1.8	0.8	97.0	0.8	54.3	0.7	22.0	1.7	1.7	0.6	1.0	1.4
KS-087	1.5	0.7	59.0	0.7	49.2	0.0	95.0	0.4	0.6	-1.0	-0.1	0.0
KS-088	1.2	0.5	95.0	0.5	52.6	0.8	17.0	-0.9	-1.0	0.6	-2.5	0.9
KS-089	1.6	0.7	90.6	0.6	46.7	0.3	58.0	0.8	0.7	0.4	-1.2	-0.7
KS-090	1.4	0.7	96.9	0.6	52.3	0.7	21.0	0.1	0.2	0.6	-1.3	0.9
KS-091	1.4	0.7	100.0	0.5	48.5	0.5	34.0	0.2	0.2	0.8	-1.7	-0.2
KS-092	1.7	0.8	100.0	0.7	44.2	0.0	88.0	1.3	1.4	0.8	0.3	-1.4
KS-093	1.8	0.8	84.3	0.6	48.2	0.4	49.0	1.5	1.6	0.1	-0.3	-0.3
KS-094	1.5	0.7	81.2	0.7	46.5	0.0	94.0	0.2	0.8	-0.1	-0.2	-0.8
KS-095	1.5	0.7	90.9	0.6	47.6	0.4	51.0	0.2	0.6	0.4	-1.3	-0.5
KS-096	1.7	0.8	93.7	0.5	50.6	0.9	11.0	1.0	1.2	0.5	-1.5	0.4
KS-097	1.8	0.8	68.7	0.7	47.6	0.1	84.0	1.5	1.3	-0.6	0.2	-0.5
KS-098	1.6	0.7	93.3	0.5	49.0	0.7	24.0	0.6	0.3	0.5	-2.0	-0.1
KS-099	1.5	0.7	75.0	0.6	52.9	0.7	23.0	0.3	0.4	-0.3	-1.4	1.0
KS-100	1.4	0.7	96.0	0.7	43.5	-0.3	122.0	-0.1	0.4	0.6	0.0	-1.6
KS-101	1.6	0.7	80.6	0.5	52.1	0.8	16.0	0.7	0.7	-0.1	-1.5	0.8
KS-102	1.4	0.6	96.8	0.5	51.0	0.7	25.0	0.0	0.0	0.6	-1.5	0.5
KS-103	1.8	0.8	77.4	0.5	56.5	1.3	2.0	1.5	1.3	-0.2	-1.7	2.0
KS-104	1.5	0.7	30.3	0.6	50.1	0.1	77.0	0.5	0.8	-2.3	-1.3	0.3
KS-105	1.5	0.7	93.3	0.8	46.9	-0.3	118.0	0.5	0.4	0.5	1.3	-0.6
KS-106	1.9	0.9	73.3	0.7	49.8	0.5	35.0	1.9	2.2	-0.4	-0.2	0.2
KS-107	1.6	0.7	51.5	0.7	52.2	0.2	72.0	0.6	0.9	-1.3	0.0	0.8
KS-108	1.7	0.7	10.0	0.6	53.3	0.1	81.0	1.2	0.6	-3.2	-0.6	1.1
KS-109	1.3	0.6	80.6	0.7	49.8	0.0	91.0	-0.3	-0.2	-0.1	-0.1	0.2
KS-110	1.3	0.6	100.0	0.9	37.9	-1.5	166.0	-0.4	-0.4	0.8	2.3	-3.1
KS-111	1.5	0.7	56.6	0.7	51.1	0.0	87.0	0.2	0.3	-1.1	-0.1	0.5
KS-112	1.6	0.7	93.5	0.7	52.6	0.6	28.0	0.8	0.5	0.5	-0.2	1.0
KS-113	1.4	0.7	96.8	0.6	51.2	0.5	38.0	0.1	0.2	0.6	-0.8	0.6
KS-114	1.4	0.7	100.0	0.6	52.8	0.6	29.0	0.1	0.4	0.8	-0.3	1.0
KS-115	1.6	0.7	96.7	0.6	49.2	0.5	39.0	0.6	0.5	0.6	-1.0	0.0
KS-116	1.7	0.8	93.7	0.6	48.7	0.5	43.0	1.2	1.2	0.5	-0.6	-0.1
KS-117	1.5	0.7	100.0	0.7	49.5	0.3	64.0	0.5	0.5	0.8	0.2	0.1
KS-118	1.7	0.8	78.0	0.6	48.6	0.3	62.0	1.0	1.1	-0.2	-0.4	-0.2
KS-119	1.6	0.7	97.0	0.6	48.2	0.4	54.0	0.7	0.6	0.6	-0.6	-0.3
KS-120	2.1	0.9	100.0	0.6	49.9	1.0	7.0	2.8	2.1	0.8	-0.8	0.2
KS-121	1.7	0.8	83.8	0.6	51.1	0.7	26.0	1.3	1.4	0.1	-0.6	0.5
KS-122	1.7	0.8	94.0	0.7	48.8	0.4	57.0	1.0	1.5	0.5	0.2	-0.1
KS-123	1.4	0.7	69.6	0.6	52.2	0.5	36.0	0.1	0.8	-0.6	-1.0	0.8
KS-124	1.4	0.7	100.0	0.7	49.7	0.3	65.0	0.1	0.2	0.8	-0.1	0.1
KS-125	1.3	0.6	100.0	0.6	50.6	0.5	44.0	-0.5	-0.7	0.8	-1.4	0.4
KS-126	1.4	0.6	90.0	0.5	55.3	1.0	8.0	0.1	-0.2	0.3	-1.8	1.7
KS-127	1.4	0.7	100.0	0.7	50.1	0.2	71.0	0.0	0.2	0.8	0.3	0.3
KS-128	1.6	0.7	96.7	0.6	52.6	0.9	10.0	0.6	0.7	0.6	-1.4	0.9
KS-129	1.6	0.7	41.9	0.6	50.7	0.2	73.0	0.9	0.9	-1.8	-0.7	0.4
KS-130	1.3	0.6	100.0	0.6	52.3	0.5	41.0	-0.4	-0.4	0.8	-0.8	0.9
KS-131	1.3	0.6	100.0	0.6	51.4	0.5	37.0	-0.4	-0.3	0.8	-1.2	0.6
KS-132	1.4	0.6	93.5	0.5	57.0	1.2	3.0	-0.2	-0.2	0.5	-2.0	2.2
KS-133	1.8	0.8	100.0	0.6	51.2	0.8	18.0	1.4	1.5	0.8	-0.3	0.5
KS-134	1.6	0.8	96.7	0.7	52.5	0.7	27.0	0.8	1.0	0.6	-0.1	0.9
KS-135	1.3	0.6	96.6	0.6	51.0	0.4	56.0	-0.2	0.0	0.6	-0.4	0.5
KS-136	1.6	0.7	97.0	0.6	51.4	0.5	42.0	0.7	0.4	0.6	-0.3	0.6
KS-137	1.7	0.8	100.0	0.8	50.1	0.2	67.0	1.0	1.4	0.8	1.3	0.2
KS-138	1.6	0.7	91.1	0.6	53.9	0.8	14.0	0.8	0.4	0.4	-0.9	1.3
KS-139	1.7	0.8	100.0	0.8	44.3	-0.4	136.0	1.2	1.2	0.8	2.0	-1.4
KS-140	1.4	0.7	93.9	0.7	51.1	0.3	63.0	-0.1	0.3	0.5	0.0	0.5
KS-141	1.4	0.7	94.0	0.6	53.8	0.9	12.0	0.0	0.2	0.5	-1.4	1.3
KS-142	1.7	0.8	94.0	0.6	54.6	1.0	5.0	1.0	1.1	0.5	-0.8	1.5
KS-143	1.6	0.7	91.6	0.6	54.4	1.0	6.0	0.6	0.7	0.4	-1.3	1.4
KS-144	1.8	0.9	15.6	0.7	48.3	-0.3	117.0	1.7	2.4	-2.9	0.7	-0.3
KS-145	1.2	0.6	96.6	0.7	47.7	-0.3	111.0	-0.7	-0.3	0.6	0.5	-0.4
KS-146	1.4	0.7	62.5	0.6	49.6	0.0	86.0	0.0	0.4	-0.9	-0.4	0.1
KS-147	1.4	0.7	78.0	0.7	48.5	0.0	92.0	0.1	0.2	-0.2	-0.2	-0.2
KS-148	1.6	0.7	100.0	0.7	50.3	0.4	45.0	0.7	0.7	0.8	0.0	0.3
KS-149	1.5	0.7	100.0	0.7	48.6	0.2	66.0	0.3	0.7	0.8	0.0	-0.2
KS-150	1.9	0.7	100.0	0.7	49.9	0.3	60.0	1.9	0.4	0.8	0.7	0.2
KS-151	1.4	0.6	87.5	0.6	53.4	0.4	47.0	-0.2	-0.2	0.2	-0.3	1.2
KS-152	1.2	0.6	100.0	0.6	52.1	0.6	33.0	-0.7	-0.4	0.8	-1.2	0.8
KS-153	1.4	0.6	97.0	0.6	51.6	0.6	32.0	-0.2	0.0	0.6	-1.0	0.7
KS-154	1.3	0.6	93.3	0.6	50.4	0.4	52.0	-0.5	0.0	0.5	-0.9	0.3
KS-155	1.4	0.6	93.7	0.6	51.4	0.6	30.0	-0.2	-0.2	0.5	-1.4	0.6
KS-156	1.3	0.6	83.8	0.6	49.1	0.1	82.0	-0.5	-0.4	0.1	-0.7	0.0
KS-157	1.5	0.7	94.0	0.6	56.5	1.0	9.0	0.4	0.3	0.5	-0.7	2.0
KS-158	1.8	0.7	62.5	0.7	51.4	0.1	80.0	1.6	0.4	-0.9	0.7	0.6
KS-159	1.4	0.7	90.6	0.8	49.0	-0.2	100.0	0.2	0.8	0.4	1.4	-0.1
KS-160	1.5	0.7	45.2	0.7	55.9	0.4	50.0	0.5	0.5	-1.6	-0.1	1.9
KS-161	1.5	0.8	37.5	0.7	49.2	-0.4	129.0	0.4	1.3	-2.0	0.9	0.0
KS-162	1.2	0.6	100.0	0.8	51.4	-0.2	104.0	-0.7	-0.8	0.8	1.4	0.6
KS-163	1.6	0.7	100.0	0.8	52.1	0.3	59.0	0.7	0.9	0.8	1.1	0.8
KS-164	1.6	0.8	62.5	0.7	49.1	-0.1	98.0	0.7	1.1	-0.9	0.7	0.0
KS-165	1.5	0.8	80.0	0.7	53.7	0.6	31.0	0.5	1.0	-0.1	-0.1	1.2
KS-166	1.3	0.7	74.1	0.8	51.4	-0.3	115.0	-0.2	0.3	-0.4	1.6	0.6
KS-167	1.9	0.8	74.1	0.6	52.5	0.8	19.0	1.8	1.8	-0.4	-0.4	0.9
KS-168	1.6	0.7	87.5	0.5	58.8	1.4	1.0	0.6	0.5	0.2	-1.7	2.7
KS-169	1.6	0.7	96.8	0.6	52.4	0.8	15.0	0.8	0.8	0.6	-0.8	0.9

Tab. 2:

Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) genotypes: Comprehesive evaluation of CPI, rankings, physical traits, selection reasons, and classification groups

Genotypes	CPI	Rank	Size	In-shell Weight	Split Ratio	Shell-Thickness	Kernel Yield	Selection Reason	Group
KS-001	-0.2	106.0	1.9	0.9	100.0	0.8	44.7	High kernel yield and shell balance	Balanced type
KS-058	0.8	13.0	1.5	0.6	90.3	0.6	55.5	Compact size and efficient yield	Efficient shell type
KS-076	1.1	4.0	1.6	0.7	93.5	0.5	54.9	Excellent split ratio	High-performing
KS-086	0.7	22.0	1.8	0.8	97.0	0.8	54.3	Thin shell and high kernel percentage	Efficient shell type
KS-093	0.4	49.0	1.8	0.8	84.3	0.6	48.2	Top performer across traits	Elite performer
KS-096	0.9	11.0	1.7	0.8	93.7	0.5	50.6	Excellent kernel yield	High-performing
KS-103	1.3	2.0	1.8	0.8	77.4	0.5	56.5	Thin shell and high kernel yield	High-performing
KS-116	0.5	43.0	1.7	0.8	93.7	0.6	48.7	High in-shell weight and kernel yield	High-performing
KS-120	1.0	7.0	2.1	0.9	100.0	0.6	49.9	Thin shell and large kernel	Efficient shell type
KS-121	0.7	26.0	1.7	0.8	83.8	0.6	51.1	High kernel yield with acceptable shell	High-performing
KS-126	1.0	8.0	1.4	0.6	90.0	0.5	55.3	High split ratio and kernel yield	High-performing
KS-128	0.9	10.0	1.6	0.7	96.7	0.6	52.6	Thin shell with balanced kernel ratio	Balanced type
KS-133	0.8	18.0	1.8	0.8	100.0	0.6	51.2	High yield and kernel ratio	High-performing
KS-142	1.0	5.0	1.7	0.8	94.0	0.6	54.6	Balanced performance across all traits	Balanced type
KS-143	1.0	6.0	1.6	0.7	91.6	0.6	54.4	High in-shell weight and kernel yield	High-performing
KS-157	1.0	9.0	1.5	0.7	94.0	0.6	56.5	Large nut size and good yield	Balanced type
KS-167	0.8	19.0	1.9	0.8	74.1	0.6	52.5	Large nut and uniform morphology	Balanced type
KS-168	1.4	1.0	1.6	0.7	87.5	0.5	58.8	High kernel yield and large size	High-performing
KS-169	0.8	15.0	1.6	0.7	96.8	0.6	52.4	High split ratio and light shell	High-performing

Tab. 3

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for physical and yield-related traits of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) genotypes.

Trait	Source	DF	SS	MS	F-value	Significance
Size	Between Genotypes	18	1.42	0.0787	37.82	< 0.05^**
	Within Genotypes (Error)	38	0.08	0.0021	-	-
In-shell weight	Between Genotypes	18	0.21	0.0116	29.12	< 0.05^**
	Within Genotypes (Error)	38	0.02	0.0004	-	-
Split Ratio	Between Genotypes	18	2661.05	147.8363	78.02	< 0.05^**
	Within Genotypes (Error)	38	72.00	1.8947	-	-
Shell thickness	Between Genotypes	18	0.42	0.0235	80.72	< 0.05^**
	Within Genotypes (Error)	38	0.01	0.0003	-	-
Kernel yield	Between Genotypes	18	8054.66	447.4812	292.82	< 0.05^**
	Within Genotypes (Error)	38	58.07	1.5282	-	-
Kernel Weight	Between Genotypes	18	0.06	0.0033	14.40	< 0.05^**
	Within Genotypes (Error)	38	0.01	0.0002	-	-

1 DF: Degrees of freedom; SS: Sum of squares; MS: Mean square; Error: Residual variation within genotypes (experimental error representing unexplained variance after accounting for genotype effects);

1** Significant at p < 0.05.

Tab. 4

Physical and yield-related traits of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) genotypes with mean ± standard error (SE)

Genotype	Size (cm)	In-shell Weight (g)	Split Ratio (%)	Shell Thickness (mm)	Kernel Yield (%)	Kernel Weight (g)
KS-121	1.27^b± 0.00	0.527^b± 0.006	81.33^a± 0.66	0.800^b± 0.015	61.18^a± 0.60	0.300^a± 0.011
KS-128	1.25^b± 0.01	0.547^b± 0.006	84.67^a± 0.60	0.663^b± 0.006	57.14^a± 0.59	0.320^a± 0.015
KS-120	1.14^b± 0.01	0.483^b± 0.014	76.67^a± 0.63	0.660^b± 0.011	49.66^b± 0.87	0.273^a± 0.006
KS-167	1.35^b± 0.00	0.513^b± 0.006	82.67^a± 0.66	0.943^a± 0.006	49.33^b± 0.66	0.257^a± 0.003
KS-093	1.37^b± 0.01	0.640^b± 0.015	76.67^a± 0.69	0.793^b± 0.017	48.83^b± 0.44	0.303^a± 0.006
KS-103	1.37^b± 0.01	0.600^b± 0.011	74.67^a± 0.66	0.593^c± 0.006	48.51^b± 0.51	0.303^a± 0.003
KS-096	1.28^b± 0.01	0.613^b± 0.006	54.67^b± 0.65	0.760^b± 0.010	47.40^b± 0.70	0.293^a± 0.006
KS-086	0.99^b± 0.00	0.563^b± 0.006	77.33^a± 0.60	0.840^b± 0.005	46.79^b± 0.91	0.283^a± 0.006
KS-157	1.23^b± 0.01	0.547^b± 0.003	79.33^a± 0.63	0.687^b± 0.006	46.76^b± 0.90	0.257^a± 0.003
KS-001	1.49^a± 0.08	0.730^a± 0.028	80.67^a± 1.76	0.813^b± 0.017	44.67^b± 0.88	0.337^a± 0.008
KS-169	1.13^b± 0.01	0.573^b± 0.006	76.00^a± 1.15	0.660^b± 0.011	43.67^b± 0.66	0.260^a± 0.000
KS-058	1.30^b± 0.01	0.647^b± 0.008	84.67^a± 0.66	0.820^b± 0.011	43.31^b± 0.65	0.293^a± 0.003
KS-142	0.85^c± 0.01	0.633^b± 0.006	85.33^a± 0.67	0.777^b± 0.008	42.40^b± 0.87	0.277^a± 0.012
KS-143	1.13^b± 0.01	0.647^b± 0.008	82.67^a± 0.64	0.647^b± 0.006	42.00^b± 1.15	0.250^a± 0.010
KS-133	1.10^b± 0.05	0.613^b± 0.006	82.67^a± 0.63	0.663^b± 0.006	41.31^b± 0.65	0.250^a± 0.010
KS-126	1.19^b± 0.01	0.670^b± 0.011	78.67^a± 0.67	0.717^b± 0.006	37.10^c± 0.58	0.237^a± 0.006
KS-168	1.07^b± 0.00	0.543^b± 0.006	81.33^a± 0.63	0.683^b± 0.008	35.79^c± 0.40	0.203^b± 0.003
KS-116	1.04^b± 0.02	0.613^b± 0.020	88.67^a± 0.61	0.663^b± 0.006	35.36^c± 0.67	0.227^a± 0.017
KS-076	0.97^b± 0.01	0.533^b± 0.003	77.33^a± 0.62	0.793^b± 0.006	0.50^d± 0.00	0.273^a± 0.008

1 Duncan's Multiple Range Test was performed at a = 0.05 significance level

Means followed by the same letter (superscript) are not significantly different
Different letters indicate statistically significant differences between genotypes
Each value represents the mean of 3 replications

Tab. 5

Phenological stages and harvest dates of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) genotypes in 2024

Genotypes	Bud Burst	First Bloom	Full Bloom	End of Bloom	Flowering Duration	Harvest Date
KS-001	27-Mar-24	3-Apr-24	8-Apr-24	14-Apr-24	9 days	8-Aug-24
KS-058	29-Mar-24	4-Apr-24	8-Apr-24	12-Apr-24	8 days	3-Aug-24
KS-076	26-Mar-24	2-Apr-24	5-Apr-24	8-Apr-24	6 days	14-Aug-24
KS-086	2-Apr-24	8-Apr-24	12-Apr-24	16-Apr-24	8 days	9-Aug-24
KS-093	28-Mar-24	5-Apr-24	9-Apr-24	14-Apr-24	9 days	1-Aug-24
KS-096	31-Mar-24	6-Apr-24	10-Apr-24	16-Apr-24	10 days	11-Aug-24
KS-103	25-Mar-24	31-Mar-24	3-Apr-24	7-Apr-24	7 days	6-Aug-24
KS-116	3-Apr-24	9-Apr-24	13-Apr-24	19-Apr-24	10 days	15-Aug-24
KS-120	27-Mar-24	3-Apr-24	6-Apr-24	10-Apr-24	7 days	4-Aug-24
KS-121	30-Mar-24	5-Apr-24	9-Apr-24	15-Apr-24	10 days	13-Aug-24
KS-126	25-Mar-24	1-Apr-24	4-Apr-24	9-Apr-24	8 days	7-Aug-24
KS-128	1-Apr-24	7-Apr-24	11-Apr-24	17-Apr-24	10 days	10-Aug-24
KS-133	26-Mar-24	1-Apr-24	5-Apr-24	10-Apr-24	9 days	2-Aug-24
KS-142	30-Mar-24	6-Apr-24	9-Apr-24	15-Apr-24	9 days	12-Aug-24
KS-143	28-Mar-24	4-Apr-24	7-Apr-24	11-Apr-24	7 days	5-Aug-24
KS-157	3-Apr-24	10-Apr-24	14-Apr-24	20-Apr-24	10 days	11-Aug-24
KS-167	29-Mar-24	5-Apr-24	8-Apr-24	11-Apr-24	6 days	8-Aug-24
KS-168	27-Mar-24	4-Apr-24	7-Apr-24	12-Apr-24	9 days	15-Aug-24
KS-169	1-Apr-24	8-Apr-24	11-Apr-24	16-Apr-24	8 days	9-Aug-24

Hierarchical clustering heatmap of kernel-related traits in pistachio genotypes. Traits include size, kernel yield, in-shell weight, shell thickness, split ratio, and kernel weight. The color scale represents standardized values (Z-scores), with red indicating higher and blue indicating lower trait values. Groups were classified based on similarity among genotypes.

Correlation matrix of nut and kernel traits in pistachio genotypes. The color and size of the circles represent the strength and direction of Pearson’s correlation coefficients among traits, including size, in-shell weight, split ratio, shell thickness, kernel yield, and kernel weight. Positive correlations are shown in blue and negative correlations in red.

References

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Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/mittklbg-2025-0016 | Journal eISSN: 3061-063X (formerly 0007-5922) | Journal ISSN: 3061-0621

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Language: English, German

Page range: 228 - 248

Submitted on: Oct 23, 2025

Published on: Dec 31, 2025

Published by: High School and Federal Office of Viticulture and Pomology

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

Keywords:

breeding potential,

germplasm evaluation,

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© 2025 Mederbek Zhaanbaev, Ozkan Kaya, published by High School and Federal Office of Viticulture and Pomology
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Volume 75 (2025): Issue 4 (December 2025)

Multi-Trait Composite Performance Index for the Identification of Elite Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) Genotypes with Superior Kernel Efficiency

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Tab. 1:

Tab. 2:

Tab. 3

Tab. 4

Tab. 5

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