Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
Multicollinearity test
| Independent variables | Collinearity statistics | Collinearity statistics |
|---|---|---|
| Tolerance | VIF | |
| Psychological Contract Breach (PCB) | 0.931 | 1.075 |
| Revenge feeling (RF) | 0.595 | 1.680 |
Discriminant and convergent validity
| Constructs | CR | AVE | RF | PCB | CWB |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Revenge feeling (RF) | 0.942 | 0.699 | 0.836 | ||
| Psychological contract breach (PCB) | 0.919 | 0.742 | 0.167 | 0.861 | |
| Counterproductive work behavior (CWB) | 0.740 | 0.588 | 0.622 | 0.365 | 0.767 |
Confirmatory factor analysis
| Constructs | Items | Paths | Constructs codes | Factor loadings | Squared multiple correlations | Cronbach alpha (α) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Psychological contract breach | PCB1 | <--- | PCB | 0.954 | 0.911 | 0.949 |
| PCB2 | <--- | PCB | 0.715 | 0.511 | ||
| PCB4 | <--- | PCB | 0.783 | 0.613 | ||
| PCB5 | <--- | PCB | 0.966 | 0.932 | ||
| Revenge feeling | RF1 | <--- | RF | 0.872 | 0.760 | 0.968 |
| RF2 | <--- | RF | 0.848 | 0.719 | ||
| RF3 | <--- | RF | 0.881 | 0.777 | ||
| RF4 | <--- | RF | 0.880 | 0.774 | ||
| RF5 | <--- | RF | 0.874 | 0.764 | ||
| RF6 | <--- | RF | 0.739 | 0.546 | ||
| RF7 | <--- | RF | 0.743 | 0.552 | ||
| Counterproductive work behavior | OF | <--- | CWB | 0.716 | 0.513 | 0.911 |
| Individual focus | IF | <--- | CWB | 0.815 | 0.664 | 0.986 |
| IF1 | <--- | IF | 0.823 | 0.678 | ||
| IF2 | <--- | IF | 0.949 | 0.900 | ||
| IF3 | <--- | IF | 0.845 | 0.713 | ||
| IF4 | <--- | IF | 0.947 | 0.897 | ||
| IF5 | <--- | IF | 0.961 | 0.923 | ||
| Organizational focus | OF3 | <--- | OF | 0.947 | 0.897 | 0.974 |
| OF4 | <--- | OF | 0.888 | 0.788 | ||
| OF5 | <--- | OF | 0.893 | 0.798 |
Estimated effects result
| Hypotheses | Model pathways | Estimated effects | p-value | Comments | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Direct effects | ||||||||
| H1 | PCB ▼ | RF | 0.186 | 0.000 | Hypothesis accepted | |||
| H2 | PCB ▼ | CWB-I | 0.226 | 0.000 | Hypothesis accepted | |||
| PCB ▼ | CWB-O | 0.184 | 0.000 | |||||
| H3 | RF ▼ | CWB-I | 0.458 | 0.000 | Hypothesis accepted | |||
| RF ▼ | CWB-F | 0.389 | 0.000 | |||||
| Indirect effects | ||||||||
| H4 | PCB | ▼ RF | ▼ CWB-I | 0.085 | 0.01 | Partial mediation | ||
| PCB | ▼ RF | ▼ CWB-O | 0.072 | 0.01 | Partial mediation | |||
| Total effects | ||||||||
| RF | ▼ CWB-I | 0.311 | 0.000 | |||||
| RF | ▼ CWB-O | 0.256 | 0.000 | |||||
Participants’ demographics
| Demographics | Category | Frequency | Percentage |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 24–35 | 220 | 30.7 |
| 36–45 | 296 | 41.3 | |
| 46–55 | 161 | 22.5 | |
| >56 | 39 | 5.4 | |
| Gender | Male | 449 | 62.7 |
| Female | 267 | 37.3 | |
| Marital Status | Married | 419 | 58.5 |
| Never married | 238 | 33.2 | |
| Divorced | 53 | 7.4 | |
| Widowed | 6 | 8 | |
| Education | Bachelor/Diploma | 227 | 31.7 |
| Master’s | 314 | 43.9 | |
| PhD | 170 | 23.7 | |
| Postdoctoral | 5 | 7 | |
| Rank | Assistant Lecturer | 150 | 20.9 |
| Lecturer | 159 | 22.2 | |
| Senior Lecturer | 78 | 10.9 | |
| Professor | 27 | 3.8 | |
| Administrative | 302 | 42.2 | |
| Income | ≤2000 | 43 | 6.0 |
| 2000–4000 | 178 | 24.9 | |
| 4000–6000 | 220 | 30.7 | |
| 6000–8000 | 172 | 24.0 | |
| >8000 | 103 | 14.4 | |
| Nationality | Ghanaian | 688 | 96.1 |
| Others | 28 | 3.9 |