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Business Competitiveness in Sustainable Finance: A Comprehensive ESG Performance Analysis of Top OECD Banks Cover

Business Competitiveness in Sustainable Finance: A Comprehensive ESG Performance Analysis of Top OECD Banks

Open Access
|Jun 2026

Figures & Tables

Figure 1.

Conceptual framework Source: own processing

Figure 2.

Research workflow diagram Source: own processing

Figure 3.

Overall ranking of top bank in OECD countries Source: own processing

Figure 4.

Average score comparison of the top rank and the lowest rank bank in OECD countries. Note. C4 and C5: Lower scores indicate better performance Source: own processing

Figure 5.

Comparison of the top rank and the lowest rank of OECD countries Source: own processing

Figure A1.

OECD Bank ESG Score Source: own processing

j_mdke-2026-0008_tab_002b

Alternatives202120222023
C1C2C3C4C5C1C2C3C4C5C1C2C3C4C5
A10.220.240.220.230.230.210.240.220.230.230.220.240.220.230.23
A20.190.240.140.140.150.180.240.140.160.140.190.230.130.150.13
A30.160.160.220.170.210.150.140.220.150.210.160.190.220.190.21
A40.120.090.170.140.120.120.110.180.160.130.120.080.180.150.15
A50.160.120.220.210.180.150.090.220.210.180.160.080.220.210.19
A60.180.240.170.240.220.200.220.150.230.220.200.180.150.230.21
A70.150.160.140.230.200.170.170.150.230.200.160.160.140.230.21
A80.110.080.170.130.130.110.170.160.140.130.110.140.200.130.15
A90.190.220.220.170.230.190.210.220.190.230.190.210.220.180.23
A100.240.190.210.220.210.240.180.210.220.220.230.210.210.210.22
A110.200.230.220.210.200.190.190.220.190.200.190.180.220.190.20
A120.210.250.220.200.230.200.220.190.190.220.210.250.210.210.23
A130.180.150.130.210.160.170.050.140.200.150.180.050.140.200.16
A140.170.210.070.140.170.150.090.070.130.170.150.090.070.120.17
A150.190.190.210.220.220.200.230.200.210.210.210.240.210.210.19
A160.180.190.170.190.190.200.200.160.180.180.200.240.160.180.20
A170.200.230.220.210.140.180.170.220.180.160.180.140.220.180.16
A180.200.240.180.170.070.200.230.180.170.100.200.240.180.150.09
A190.160.130.130.180.070.180.240.130.190.120.170.240.120.160.13
A200.170.100.200.170.210.170.140.200.150.200.150.150.220.170.14
A210.220.160.210.130.180.210.220.200.130.190.200.190.150.150.19
A220.200.030.170.220.190.200.020.160.220.210.200.030.170.210.22
A230.220.220.210.190.240.230.240.220.200.230.230.240.220.230.24
A240.150.200.170.070.060.140.190.210.150.060.150.170.210.160.13
A250.180.210.200.170.220.180.190.210.180.220.180.180.210.170.22
A260.190.060.220.210.240.190.050.210.200.230.200.110.210.200.15
A270.220.230.210.150.190.230.220.210.150.170.230.220.210.150.17
A280.160.170.100.120.040.150.170.140.160.040.150.180.140.160.07
A290.190.150.170.220.230.210.230.150.220.230.200.210.140.210.24

j_mdke-2026-0008_tab_003b

Alternatives202120222023
C1C2C3C4C5C1C2C3C4C5C1C2C3C4C5
A1−0.33−0.34−0.33−0.34−0.34−0.33−0.34−0.33−0.34−0.34−0.33−0.34−0.33−0.34−0.34
A2−0.31−0.34−0.27−0.27−0.28−0.31−0.34−0.27−0.29−0.27−0.31−0.34−0.26−0.28−0.27
A3−0.29−0.29−0.33−0.30−0.33−0.29−0.28−0.33−0.28−0.33−0.29−0.31−0.33−0.32−0.33
A4−0.26−0.22−0.30−0.27−0.26−0.25−0.25−0.31−0.29−0.27−0.26−0.20−0.31−0.28−0.28
A5−0.30−0.25−0.33−0.33−0.31−0.28−0.21−0.33−0.32−0.31−0.30−0.20−0.33−0.33−0.31
A6−0.31−0.34−0.30−0.34−0.33−0.32−0.33−0.29−0.34−0.33−0.32−0.31−0.29−0.34−0.33
A7−0.28−0.29−0.27−0.34−0.32−0.30−0.30−0.29−0.34−0.32−0.30−0.29−0.27−0.34−0.33
A8−0.24−0.20−0.30−0.27−0.27−0.25−0.30−0.29−0.28−0.27−0.24−0.28−0.32−0.27−0.29
A9−0.32−0.33−0.33−0.30−0.34−0.32−0.33−0.33−0.31−0.34−0.32−0.33−0.33−0.31−0.34
A10−0.34−0.32−0.33−0.34−0.33−0.34−0.31−0.33−0.33−0.33−0.34−0.33−0.33−0.33−0.33
A11−0.32−0.34−0.33−0.33−0.32−0.32−0.32−0.33−0.32−0.32−0.31−0.31−0.33−0.31−0.32
A12−0.33−0.35−0.33−0.32−0.34−0.32−0.33−0.32−0.32−0.34−0.33−0.35−0.33−0.33−0.34
A13−0.31−0.28−0.26−0.33−0.29−0.30−0.16−0.28−0.32−0.29−0.31−0.16−0.28−0.32−0.29
A14−0.30−0.33−0.19−0.27−0.30−0.28−0.22−0.19−0.27−0.30−0.28−0.21−0.19−0.26−0.30
A15−0.32−0.32−0.33−0.33−0.33−0.32−0.34−0.32−0.33−0.33−0.33−0.34−0.33−0.33−0.32
A16−0.31−0.32−0.30−0.31−0.31−0.32−0.32−0.30−0.31−0.31−0.32−0.34−0.29−0.31−0.32
A17−0.32−0.34−0.33−0.33−0.27−0.31−0.30−0.33−0.31−0.29−0.31−0.27−0.33−0.31−0.29
A18−0.32−0.34−0.31−0.30−0.19−0.32−0.34−0.31−0.30−0.23−0.32−0.34−0.31−0.29−0.22
A19−0.29−0.27−0.27−0.31−0.19−0.31−0.34−0.26−0.32−0.25−0.30−0.34−0.25−0.29−0.27
A20−0.30−0.24−0.32−0.30−0.33−0.30−0.28−0.32−0.29−0.32−0.29−0.28−0.33−0.30−0.28
A21−0.33−0.29−0.33−0.27−0.31−0.33−0.33−0.32−0.27−0.32−0.32−0.32−0.28−0.29−0.32
A22−0.32−0.09−0.30−0.33−0.32−0.32−0.09−0.30−0.33−0.33−0.32−0.09−0.30−0.33−0.33
A23−0.33−0.33−0.33−0.31−0.34−0.34−0.34−0.33−0.32−0.34−0.34−0.34−0.33−0.34−0.34
A24−0.28−0.32−0.30−0.19−0.17−0.27−0.32−0.33−0.28−0.17−0.29−0.30−0.33−0.30−0.27
A25−0.31−0.33−0.32−0.30−0.33−0.31−0.31−0.33−0.31−0.33−0.31−0.31−0.33−0.30−0.33
A26−0.31−0.17−0.33−0.33−0.34−0.32−0.16−0.33−0.32−0.34−0.32−0.24−0.33−0.32−0.29
A27−0.34−0.34−0.33−0.29−0.31−0.34−0.33−0.33−0.29−0.30−0.34−0.33−0.33−0.29−0.30
A28−0.30−0.30−0.23−0.26−0.12−0.29−0.30−0.27−0.30−0.13−0.28−0.31−0.27−0.29−0.18
A29−0.32−0.28−0.30−0.33−0.34−0.33−0.34−0.29−0.33−0.34−0.32−0.33−0.27−0.33−0.34

j_mdke-2026-0008_tab_001b

Alternatives202120222023
C1C2C3C4C5C1C2C3C4C5C1C2C3C4C5
A1736792669902941590147049922498809497938274108896985593929374
A2529391603774330337155237918339064432347555868150340238513032
A3379140189633490878503544319096263940794238435492963966477813
A4229513705797341525682257212569944543306324081009688739103693
A540122191978377515335350712339783771456604165952978379606067
A6497786835625984984776098776247689940867164144768476898497562
A7319739063906971269664281490049009635729041543906390696417951
A817689096089320831492051467652403676309218283058866432154064
A9574076049864516295965791712098646285946058357086986458919500
A10891359148688893878778658539988218949882385586815875778368138
A11581483879797753372455834606597206686708655375216972862736879
A12650896339571720090426384773278256706912670519645924575909076
A135144340234028021426847214594133742443414942459413369924315
A14419466021089338351173325144111563109517034291132108926234932
A15570658259111852382566165896484038460823067068985869476726311
A16501556255831618362306453671156555787615364378845506155736901
A17630983619817779933215147447897045877459150182934968857844332
A1862529366694453239366065881366775104186563909120644642821410
A1939052796368655898905222953033136745250044848940287445933147
A20443416878540498677164433321685404151763536413296987453833490
A21706937988817319254456999787785213297668865435721450440876394
A22585510056258447661662281005625865881816311100587876118021
A23730077399245629296858316939296307100969484468866961093479730
A24331559405685928700289060738776386163835764716870547783036
A25475466268314498782685107566393686103842951044886939953588154
A265341572975676069864575047695557672920362601877942171504138
A27760484869132403961838236787789594352542182467273875041464951
A28409947212177272624436374707394449862683349515039464375738
A29570934766162821995676902824548898549961660827007378382129628

j_mdke-2026-0008_tab_004b

Alternatives202120222023
C1C2C3C4C5C1C2C3C4C5C1C2C3C4C5
v+j0.010.010.010.000.000.010.010.010.000.000.010.010.010.000.00
v−j0.000.000.000.010.010.000.000.000.010.010.000.000.000.010.01

The closeness coefficient s+, s− and rank

AlternativesSi+SiCiRankAlternativesSi+SiCiRank
A10.020.020.5412A160.020.020.5510
A20.010.020.651A170.020.020.588
A30.020.020.4919A180.010.020.632
A40.020.020.4820A190.010.020.597
A50.020.020.5017A200.020.020.4624
A60.020.020.4425A210.010.020.606
A70.020.010.4127A220.030.010.3429
A80.020.020.4722A230.020.020.5511
A90.020.020.5215A240.020.020.605
A100.020.020.5214A250.020.020.4723
A110.020.020.559A260.020.020.3928
A120.020.020.5313A270.010.020.614
A130.020.010.4226A280.010.020.623
A140.020.020.4821A290.020.020.4918
A150.020.020.5216

Entropy results

Alternatives201820192020
C1C2C3C4C5C1C2C3C4C5C1C2C3C4C5
A1−0.34−0.34−0.34−0.33−0.35−0.34−0.35−0.34−0.34−0.35−0.34−0.34−0.34−0.34−0.34
A2−0.27−0.34−0.31−0.16−0.02−0.29−0.35−0.30−0.24−0.28−0.31−0.34−0.29−0.27−0.30
A3−0.31−0.30−0.34−0.32−0.35−0.31−0.32−0.34−0.31−0.34−0.30−0.29−0.34−0.30−0.33
A4−0.25−0.24−0.25−0.20−0.19−0.26−0.21−0.24−0.20−0.19−0.24−0.21−0.21−0.23−0.25
A5−0.25−0.30−0.29−0.27−0.17−0.25−0.29−0.34−0.28−0.18−0.28−0.29−0.33−0.33−0.28
A6−0.25−0.17−0.20−0.22−0.24−0.27−0.28−0.26−0.33−0.31−0.27−0.33−0.29−0.34−0.30
A7−0.29−0.33−0.22−0.31−0.31−0.28−0.29−0.28−0.31−0.32−0.30−0.29−0.30−0.34−0.32
A8−0.20−0.14−0.29−0.26−0.26−0.21−0.25−0.29−0.28−0.23−0.27−0.27−0.31−0.27−0.24
A9−0.32−0.34−0.31−0.33−0.35−0.31−0.34−0.30−0.32−0.34−0.31−0.34−0.34−0.30−0.34
A10−0.35−0.32−0.34−0.35−0.34−0.35−0.33−0.34−0.35−0.34−0.35−0.32−0.33−0.34−0.33
A11−0.32−0.34−0.31−0.32−0.32−0.32−0.34−0.31−0.31−0.32−0.33−0.34−0.34−0.32−0.33
A12−0.32−0.31−0.33−0.33−0.35−0.32−0.34−0.34−0.33−0.34−0.32−0.34−0.33−0.34−0.34
A13−0.32−0.26−0.22−0.30−0.15−0.29−0.26−0.22−0.32−0.24−0.32−0.26−0.21−0.32−0.28
A14−0.30−0.30−0.28−0.19−0.24−0.29−0.25−0.23−0.25−0.24−0.29−0.32−0.22−0.27−0.30
A15−0.33−0.34−0.33−0.34−0.34−0.33−0.33−0.32−0.34−0.34−0.33−0.32−0.33−0.33−0.34
A16−0.29−0.34−0.32−0.30−0.28−0.32−0.33−0.32−0.32−0.32−0.32−0.33−0.31−0.32−0.32
A17−0.33−0.32−0.32−0.34−0.29−0.32−0.32−0.32−0.33−0.27−0.32−0.34−0.33−0.33−0.27
A18−0.33−0.34−0.26−0.35−0.26−0.33−0.35−0.27−0.34−0.27−0.33−0.34−0.32−0.32−0.24
A19−0.29−0.33−0.34−0.28−0.23−0.29−0.33−0.29−0.32−0.23−0.28−0.32−0.28−0.31−0.23
A20−0.31−0.26−0.34−0.31−0.35−0.31−0.25−0.34−0.30−0.35−0.31−0.26−0.33−0.30−0.34
A21−0.32−0.26−0.31−0.16−0.27−0.31−0.23−0.29−0.16−0.26−0.31−0.26−0.30−0.16−0.27
A22−0.32−0.16−0.32−0.35−0.32−0.33−0.13−0.32−0.34−0.33−0.32−0.09−0.31−0.33−0.32
A23−0.34−0.34−0.34−0.32−0.35−0.34−0.34−0.34−0.31−0.35−0.33−0.34−0.33−0.32−0.34
A24−0.25−0.28−0.20−0.24−0.03−0.24−0.26−0.22−0.17−0.04−0.24−0.26−0.22−0.16−0.12
A25−0.31−0.29−0.34−0.35−0.35−0.31−0.25−0.33−0.33−0.34−0.30−0.26−0.33−0.31−0.34
A26−0.32−0.20−0.34−0.34−0.36−0.32−0.17−0.34−0.33−0.35−0.32−0.18−0.33−0.33−0.34
A27−0.34−0.33−0.32−0.31−0.34−0.34−0.34−0.33−0.30−0.32−0.34−0.34−0.30−0.29−0.31
A28−0.30−0.32−0.17−0.18−0.17−0.31−0.31−0.16−0.18−0.16−0.31−0.32−0.24−0.21−0.14
A29−0.33−0.34−0.34−0.35−0.33−0.34−0.34−0.33−0.34−0.33−0.33−0.33−0.31−0.34−0.34

Normalization

Alternatives201820192020
C1C2C3C4C5C1C2C3C4C5C1C2C3C4C5
A10.240.240.240.220.250.240.250.240.240.250.230.240.230.230.24
A20.130.240.190.050.000.150.250.170.110.150.180.240.160.140.17
A30.180.170.230.190.250.180.200.240.180.240.160.160.220.170.22
A40.120.110.110.080.070.120.090.110.080.070.100.080.090.100.12
A50.110.170.150.130.060.120.150.240.140.070.150.150.220.210.14
A60.110.060.080.100.110.140.140.130.220.180.140.210.160.240.17
A70.160.210.090.180.180.140.160.150.180.190.170.150.170.230.20
A80.080.040.150.120.130.090.110.160.140.100.130.130.180.130.11
A90.200.240.180.210.260.180.230.170.200.240.190.230.230.170.24
A100.260.200.240.270.240.260.210.240.250.230.250.200.210.230.22
A110.190.240.180.190.200.200.250.180.190.190.210.240.230.200.21
A120.200.180.210.210.250.200.240.230.210.240.200.230.220.240.23
A130.200.120.090.170.050.160.130.090.190.100.190.120.090.200.15
A140.160.170.140.070.110.160.110.100.110.110.160.200.090.130.17
A150.210.230.210.230.230.220.210.200.230.230.210.200.220.220.22
A160.150.240.200.160.150.210.220.190.200.200.200.220.190.190.19
A170.210.200.200.240.150.200.200.200.220.130.200.230.220.210.13
A180.210.240.130.260.130.220.250.130.240.130.210.230.190.200.11
A190.160.220.240.140.100.150.220.160.190.100.150.200.140.180.10
A200.190.130.230.180.270.180.120.220.170.260.180.130.210.170.23
A210.200.130.180.050.130.180.100.160.050.130.180.120.160.060.13
A220.190.060.200.260.190.210.040.200.240.210.200.020.180.220.20
A230.240.230.240.200.270.230.230.230.180.250.210.230.220.190.24
A240.120.140.080.100.000.110.130.090.060.010.110.120.100.060.04
A250.190.150.220.250.250.180.110.220.210.230.170.120.210.180.23
A260.200.080.230.240.280.200.060.230.220.260.190.070.220.210.25
A270.230.220.200.180.240.230.230.210.170.200.230.230.170.160.19
A280.170.190.060.070.060.180.190.050.070.060.170.190.110.080.04
A290.220.240.220.260.210.230.240.220.240.220.210.220.190.230.24

Bank Evaluation Matrix

Alternatives201820192020
C1C2C3C4C5C1C2C3C4C5C1C2C3C4C5
A1770794819864620084407634968198038675875773939376985385328993
A222919669613638623267969852901789305747829716470230844516
A3423046748872481580894474584097895222850639014150958847427623
A417982116216575169219971205201893077415681142140915522289
A51703503139992252480182836579724306767732323798928173443255
A617166861056119915192527299927447427464227577071464995674850
A7341976561406420442452737390639064951527739883906562591586427
A88733194064200621041047194742113137152724892983626830051877
A9561097525439574685934621821450815946854750288718986450879573
A10896669449862955173179080655198019561746090276426868687617855
A11502594895576492751905562925357585469517861769254970067856887
A12534257657857582878935407887995716997793558988919957193288259
A1352402500140638323163317250014065688156354492500140664983406
A1435935006345268015853488198518242010177435276314156730254591
A15591787897901698271766330694469448248789460626400897682748057
A16322695066590357129305755740665306479564258787820674261915924
A17609670717068780929905631620868337684246656878763932876492860
A18603199282765868321806459981330708714242266268997690265841845
A19343383149763267712923275710043515594147532086757399652621610
A20469227869025427393244433211388304375953448552616854046218294
A21525828705740376223345271544450446724004424250051545162820
A22501554467479189476261652786747923561615534100617383706247
A23753490999724511594837073844294815099931462338656924560548957
A24192734111121144331552244514745419169425601745524218
A25475440908692820580354195194787056826777742432475834852168276
A265310112592997389986255375399318724798435413699932874369720
A27739380397027413474587410792379694264560978328588565742715753
A2841256257689560504441853005167074634400624921431164296
A29661994818649908655536956862384039155688963847656674088599645

Positive and negative ideal solutions

Alternatives201820192020
C1C2C3C4C5C1C2C3C4C5C1C2C3C4C5
v+j0.010.010.010.000.000.010.010.010.000.000.010.010.010.000.00
v−j0.000.000.000.010.010.000.000.000.010.010.000.000.000.010.01

Robustness check and sensitivity analyses

MethodMetricResultInterpretation
Monte CarloAvg. Spearman ρ vs. Initial0.9764Higher values indicate stronger agreement between initial and perturbed rankings.
Monte CarloRank Variability (Avg. Std Dev)1.6137Lower values indicate more stable ranks across perturbations.
Monte CarloMax First-Place Frequency1000Indicates the highest frequency a company achieved rank 1.
BootstrapAvg. Spearman ρ vs. Initial0.9685Higher values indicate stronger agreement between initial and resampled rankings.
BootstrapRank Variability (Avg. Std Dev)2.0209Lower values indicate more stable ranks across perturbations.
BootstrapMax First-Place Frequency975Indicates the highest frequency a company achieved rank 1.
Language: English
Page range: 124 - 141
Submitted on: Feb 10, 2026
Accepted on: Apr 21, 2026
Published on: Jun 29, 2026
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

© 2026 Dustin Tarinque Loreño, Yu-Chuan Huang, published by Scoala Nationala de Studii Politice si Administrative
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.