Fig. 1
Soil fertility status of the experimental plots
| Plot | Soil Type | Soil pH | Organic matter content | Nitrogen (N) | Phosphorus (P) | Potassium (k) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| scale | status | % | status | % | status | g·ha−1 | status | kg·ha−1 | status | ||
| Plot 1 | sandy loam | 5 | acidic | 3.9 | medium | 0.2 | medium | 23.8 | low | 156 | medium |
| Plot 2 | sandy loam | 5.1 | acidic | 3.7 | medium | 0.2 | medium | 28.3 | low | 336 | high |
| Plot 3 | sandy loam | 5.2 | acidic | 5.8 | high | 0.3 | high | 38.5 | medium | 300 | high |
| Plot 4 | sandy loam | 4.9 | acidic | 6.1 | high | 0.3 | high | 25.6 | low | 307 | high |
| Plot 5 | sandy loam | 5.1 | acidic | 2.6 | medium | 0.1 | medium | 22.4 | low | 226 | medium |
Cost-benefit analysis of ginger under different farming practices in Ilam district of Nepal
| Treatment | Rhizome yield (t·ha−1) | Gross income ($·ha−1) | Total fixed cost ($·ha−1) | Total variable cost ($·ha−1) | Total cost ($·ha−1) | Net income ($·ha−1) | BC ratio |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1 | 12.3 | 4638.1 | 523.8 | 3282.4 | 3806.2 | 831.9 | 1.2 |
| T2 | 12.8 | 3657.1 | 523.8 | 3116.7 | 3640.5 | 16.7 | 1.0 |
| T3 | 17.5 | 5933.3 | 523.8 | 3336.9 | 3860.7 | 2072.6 | 1.5 |
| T4 | 17.9 | 5114.3 | 523.8 | 3298.3 | 3822.1 | 1292.1 | 1.3 |
Recommended fertilizers for each experimental plot by Soil Testing Laboratory, Surunga, Nepal
| Plot | Recommended fertilizers for ginger cultivation | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| agricultural lime (t·ha−1) | compost (t·ha−1) | nitrogen (kg·ha−1) | phosphorous (kg·ha−1) | potassium (kg·ha−1) | |
| Plot 1 | 3.4 | 12 | 15 | 30 | 30 |
| Plot 2 | 3.3 | 12 | 15 | 30 | 15 |
| Plot 3 | 3.1 | 6 | 7.5 | 15 | 15 |
| Plot 4 | 3.6 | 6 | 7.5 | 30 | 15 |
| Plot 5 | 3.3 | 12 | 15 | 30 | 30 |
Pesticides application details of this research experiment
| Fungicide; insecticide | Treatment | Formulation | Method and time of application | Frequency of application |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carbendazim 50% WP | T1 and T2 | 3 g·L−1 water | The seed rhizome was dipped in the formulated solution for 3–5 minutes and dried in the shadow before planting | one time during seed treatment |
| Trichoderma viride 1.5 WP | T3 and T4 | 5 g·L−1 water | Same as above but used Trichoderma instead of carbendazim. For compost making, the formulated solution was sprayed over the compost pit and then the pit was covered by plant materials or black colored plastic for at least one week before the application | one time during seed treatment and one time during compost making |
| Metalaxyl 35% WS | T1 and T2 | 2.5 g·L−1 water | Foliar sprayed when disease symptoms appeared | 3 times at intervals of 10 days |
| Validamycin 3% L | T3 and T4 | 2.5 g·L−1 water | Foliar sprayed when disease symptoms appeared | 3 times at intervals of 10 days |
| Cypermethrin 25% EC | T1 and T2 | 2.5 mL·L−1 water | Foliar sprayed when insect and borer appeared | 3 times at intervals of 10 days |
| Plant extracts | T3 and T4 | 10 mL·L−1 water | Foliar sprayed starting after one month of planting | regularly at intervals of 2 weeks |
Analysis of variance results on ginger yield as affected by production year, location, treatment, and their interactions
| Source | DF | Sum of Squares | Mean Square | F Value | Pr > F |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year | 2 | 0.27 | 0.13 | 0.8 | NS |
| Location | 1 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.42 | NS |
| Treatment | 3 | 396.59 | 132.19 | 771.58 | *** |
| Year × Treatment | 6 | 0.77 | 0.12 | 0.74 | NS |
| Location × Treatment | 3 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.09 | NS |
| Year × Location × Treatment | 6 | 0.72 | 0.12 | 0.96 | NS |
| Residuals | 38 | 5.48 | 0.17 | NS |
Net farm income of various crops grown in Nepal
| Crops | Production cost ($·ha−1) | Revenue ($·ha−1) | Net farm income ($·ha−1) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ginger (GAP with mother rhizome harvest) | 3860.7 | 5933.3 | 2072.6 | field survey |
| Large cardamom | 623.0 | 2952.4 | 2329.4 | Kandel (2019) |
| Cabbage | 1478.6 | 826.7 | 826.7 | Katovich and Sharma (2014) |
| Potato | 1878.0 | 2552.8 | 674.9 | Bajracharya and Sapkota (2017) |
| Tomato | 1823.5 | 2344.4 | 521.0 | Katovich and Sharma (2014) |
| Cucumber | 2119.5 | 3795.8 | 1676.3 | Katovich and Sharma (2014) |
| Pigeon pea | 617.8 | 906.7 | 305.8 | MOAD (2017) |
| Tea | 4718.4 | 5780.0 | 1061.6 | Baral (2019) |
| Rice | 543.0 | 757.4 | 214.4 | Katovich and Sharma (2014) |
| Maize | 467.8 | 526.6 | 58.7 | Katovich and Sharma (2014) |