Figure 1
Estimated mean mortality of Hoplolaimus galeatus exposed to fluopyram and cyclobutrifluram at 10 and 50 ppm in microwells in (a) the first experiment and (b) the second experiment. Bars with common letters are not different according to Tukey’s HSD test (P ≤ 0.05).
Figure 2
Final nematode counts of Hoplolaimus galeatus/100 cm3 of soil following exposure to cyclobutrifluram and fluopyram in a greenhouse experiment in 2022 and 2025. Data from both repetitions are combined for analysis. Bars with common letters are not different according to Tukey’s HSD test (P ≤ 0.05).
Table 1
Effects of treatments on the population density of Hoplolaimus galeatus/100 cm3 of soil in field trials on ‘Sunday’ bermudagrass in 2021 and TifEagle’ bermudagrass in 2022
| Treatment | a.i./ha | Pi | Pm | Pf |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sunday 2021 | ||||
| Untreated | 0.00 g | 323 | 158 | 219 |
| Fluopyram | 500 g | 325 | 218 | 178 |
| Cyclobutrifluram | 250 g | 346 | 235 | 272 |
| Cyclobutrifluram | 500 g | 359 | 269 | 299 |
| TifEagle 2022 | ||||
| Untreated | 0.00 g | 246 | 168 | 93 |
| Fluopyram | 500 g | 246 | 159 | 161* |
| Cyclobutrifluram | 250 g | 274 | 184 | 150 |
| Cyclobutrifluram | 500 g | 247 | 131 | 141 |
*Different from the untreated according to Tukey’s HSD test (P > 0.05).
Table 2
Effects of treatments on percent root health (0-100) in field trials in field trials on Hoplolaimus galeatus–infested ‘Sunday’ bermudagrass in 2021 and TifEagle’ bermudagrass in 2022
| Treatment | a.i./ha | Initial | Mid | Final |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sunday 2021 | ||||
| Untreated | 0.00 g | 36 | 43 | 35 |
| Fluopyram | 500 g | 34 | 47 | 47 |
| Cyclobutrifluram | 250 g | 45 | 45 | 44 |
| Cyclobutrifluram | 500 g | 45 | 64** | 59*** |
| TifEagle 2022 | ||||
| Untreated | 0.00 g | 60 | 51 | 46 |
| Fluopyram | 500 g | 60 | 67** | 69*** |
| Cyclobutrifluram | 250 g | 60 | 73*** | 67*** |
| Cyclobutrifluram | 500 g | 63 | 73*** | 75*** |
*, **, ***Different from the untreated according to Tukey’s HSD test (P ≤ 0.05, 0.01, 0.001, respectively).
Table 3
Effects of treatments on NDVI (0-1) measurements in field trials on Hoplolaimus galeatus–infested ‘Sunday’ bermudagrass in 2021 and TifEagle’ bermudagrass in 2022
| Treatment | a.i./ha | Measurement date | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sunday 2021 | |||||||||
| 2/10 | 2/24 | 3/9 | 3/26 | 4/8 | 4/23 | 5/11 | 5/20 | ||
| Untreated | 0.00 g | 0.44 | 0.39 | 0.45 | 0.52 | 0.61 | 0.58 | 0.68 | 0.64 |
| Fluopyram | 500 g | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.49** | 0.54 | 0.64 | 0.60 | 0.70 | 0.66 |
| Cyclobutrifluram | 250 g | 0.41 | 0.42* | 0.53*** | 0.57 | 0.66 | 0.63 | 0.74 | 0.70 |
| Cyclobutrifluram | 500 g | 0.40 | 0.42** | 0.54*** | 0.61 | 0.67** | 0.66** | 0.79** | 0.71 |
| TifEagle 2022 | |||||||||
| 3/3 | 3/30 | 4/14 | 4/28 | 5/12 | 5/24 | 6/8 | 6/23 | ||
| Untreated | 0.00 g | 0.68 | 0.61 | 0.65 | 0.64 | 0.69 | 0.70 | 0.76 | 0.77 |
| Fluopyram | 500 g | 0.68 | 0.64* | 0.69** | 0.65 | 0.72 | 0.72 | 0.80*** | 0.81*** |
| Cyclobutrifluram | 250 g | 0.67 | 0.65** | 0.71*** | 0.69* | 0.76*** | 0.76*** | 0.81*** | 0.81*** |
| Cyclobutrifluram | 500 g | 0.68 | 0.66** | 0.71*** | 0.70** | 0.76*** | 0.76*** | 0.81*** | 0.81*** |
*, **, ***Different from the untreated according to Tukey’s HSD test (P ≤ 0.05, 0.01, 0.001, respectively).
Table 4
Effects of treatments on turf quality (1-9) in field trials on Hoplolaimus galeatus–infested ‘Sunday’ bermudagrass in 2021 and TifEagle’ bermudagrass in 2022
| Treatment | a.i./ha | Measurement date | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sunday 2021 | |||||||||
| 2/10 | 2/24 | 3/9 | 3/26 | 4/8 | 4/23 | 5/11 | 5/20 | ||
| Untreated | 0.00 g | 4.0 | 3.2 | 3.8 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 3.8 | 5.2 | 4.2 |
| Fluopyram | 500 g | 3.0 | 2.8 | 4.0 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 5.4 | 5.0 |
| Cyclobutrifluram | 250 g | 3.6 | 3.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.8 | 4.6 | 5.2 | 5.2 |
| Cyclobutrifluram | 500 g | 3.4 | 3.0 | 4.4 | 5.4** | 5.4** | 5.6** | 6.0 | 6.6*** |
| TifEagle 2022 | |||||||||
| 3/3 | 3/30 | 4/14 | 4/28 | 5/12 | 5/24 | 6/8 | 6/23 | ||
| Untreated | 0.00 g | 6.4 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 6.0 | 5.4 | 4.8 | 5.2 | 5.4 |
| Fluopyram | 500 g | 6.2 | 5.0 | 5.6* | 6.2 | 6.4* | 6.0** | 6.6** | 7.8*** |
| Cyclobutrifluram | 250 g | 6.2 | 5.2 | 6.0** | 6.6** | 7.2** | 6.8*** | 7.6*** | 8.0*** |
| Cyclobutrifluram | 500 g | 6.6 | 5.4 | 6.4*** | 6.8** | 7.4*** | 7.0*** | 7.4*** | 8.0*** |
*, **, ***Different from the untreated according to Tukey’s HSD test (P ≤ 0.05, 0.01, 0.001, respectively).