Figure 1
Light microscope photos of Paratylenchus enigmaticus Korean population. (a) Entire body of female; (b) Entire body of male; (c) Anterior region of female; (d) Posterior region of female; and (e) Posterior region of male. (exp = excretory pore; v = vulva, a = anus, sp = spicule). Scale bars: 20 µm.
Table 1
Morphometrics of Paratylenchus enigmaticus females from Korea and comparison with the previous description
| Characters | Korean population (this study) | Canadian population (Munawar et al., 2021) | Spanish population (Clavero-Camacho et al., 2021) | Belgian population | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crop | Chrysanthemum | Potato | — | Lettuce (Claerbout et al., 2020) | Leek (Maosa et al., 2024) | ||||
| n | 12 | 11 | 5 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 19 |
| Body length | 361.2 ± 18.8 (329–403) | 383 ± 31 (343–431) | 364.6 ± 23.5 (324–383) | 365 ± 40 (308–465) | 335 ± 20 (302–360) | 365 ± 39 (313–422) | 358 ± 43 (300–411) | 328 ± 31 (293–268) | 374 ± 40 (284–443) |
| a | 21.8 ± 1.3 (19.0–23.7) | 25.7 ± 2.1 (22–29) | 19.9 ± 1.5 (17.6–21.6) | 24.2 ± 3.8 (14.9–27.6) | 24.3 ± 3.4 (19.3–27.2) | 26.7 ± 2.3 (22–29) | 23.7 ± 2.6 (18.5–27.5) | 23.2 ± 3.3 (18.1–28.1) | 22.1 ± 2.3 (18.4–25.7) |
| b | 4.3 ± 0.1 (4.0–4.5) | 4.1 ± 0.3 (3.7–4.7) | 3.8 ± 0.2 (3.6–4.2) | 3.7 ± 0.7 (2.7–4.6) | — | 3.4 ± 0.7 (2.5–4.9) | 3.2 ± 0.5 (2.8–4.2) | — | 4.2 ± 0.5 (3.3–5.3) |
| c | 13.7 ± 1.3 (12.1–16.7) | 15.4 ± 1.3 (12.9–17.5) | 14.6 ± 1.6 (12.0–16.0) | 15.0 ± 1.5 _12.3–17.2) | 14.9 ± 1.5 (13.2–17) | 14.9 ± 1.9 (12.7–17.8) | 14.8 ± 2.3 (13.7–19.8) | 13.0 ± 1.5 (10.1–15.7) | 13.3 ± 2.1 (9.8–16.2) |
| c' | 2.8 ± 0.3 (2.4–3.2) | 2.6 ± 0.3 (2.3–3.1) | 2.7 ± 0.1 (2.5–2.8) | — | — | — | — | — | 2.9 ± 0.3 (2.5–3.4) |
| V | 83.6 ± 0.6 (82.5–84.4) | 85 ± 0.9 (83–86) | 83.4 ± 1.3 (81.2–84.4) | 83 ± 2.1 (80–88) | 83 ± 2.1 (80–87) | 83 ± 1.5 (80–84) | 84 ± 0.9 (83–85) | 83 ± 2.1 (80–88) | 83 ± 1.2 (81–85) |
| Stylet length | 26 ± 1.3 (23.5–28.3) | 28.8 ± 1.1 (27.3–31) | 27.6 ± 0.9 (27.0–29.0) | 27.3 ± 1.3 (23.5–28.4) | 25.5 ± 1.6 (22.3–26.5) | 26.6 ± 1.5 (25.2–31) | 26.8 ± 1.3 (24.6–27.9) | 27.0 ± 1.5 (24.6–28.6) | 27.9 ± 1.1 (25.0–29.7) |
| St/L% | 7.2 ± 0.4 (6.2–7.6) | 7.6 ± 0.5 (6.8–8.2) | — | 7.5 ± 0.9 (6.0–8.8) | 7.6 ± 0.7 (7.2–8.8) | 7.3 ± 0.7 (6.2–7.9) | 7.6 ± 0.8 (6.6–8.4) | 8.3 ± 0.5 (7.3–8.9) | — |
| Ant. to SE | 74.1 ± 2.5 (70.4–80.6) | 76 ± 4.2 (70–82) | 87.6 ± 5.7 (81.0–94.0) | — | — | — | — | — | 83 ± 7.7 (67–95) |
| Pharynx length | 84.4 ± 2.4 (81.9–90.8) | 94 ± 5.2 (83–100) | 96.2 ± 6.5 (88.0–103.0) | 101 ± 19.7 (75–138) | 88 ± 23.3 (43–106) | 110 ± 16.9 (83–124) | 115 ± 18.4 (85–126) | 120 ± 14.6 (95–144) | 90 ± 7.7 (77–107) |
| Max. body width | 16.7 ± 1.4 (15.1–19.8) | 13.1 ± 1.0 (11.4–14.7) | 18.4 ± 1.7 (16.5–21.0) | — | — | — | — | — | 17.0 ± 1.9 (13.6–20.0) |
| Anal body width | 9.5 ± 0.9 (7.9–11.1) | 9.7 ± 0.9 (7.7–10.6) | 9.4 ± 0.4 (9.0–10.0) | — | — | — | — | — | 9.8 ± 1.0 (8.0–11.5) |
| Tail length | 26.5 ± 2.4 (22.1–30.1) | 24.9 ± 2.1 (22.0–29.0) | 25.0 ± 1.4 (23.5–27.0) | 24.4 ± 3.1 (21.7–30.8) | 22.6 ± 1.6 (20.3–26.2) | 24.6 ± 1.8 (21.0–26.1) | 24.5 ± 3.3 (21.2–23.7) | 25.4 ± 2.6 (22.0–30.0) | 28.5 ± 3.8 (23.5–36.0) |
Note: All measurements are in μm and in the form: mean value ± SD (range).
Table 2
Morphometrics of Paratylenchus enigmaticus males and juveniles from Korea and comparison with the previous description
| Characters | Male | Juvenile | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Korean population | Belgian population | Korean population | Belgian population | |
| Crop | Chrysanthemum | Leek | Chrysanthemum | Lettuce |
| n | 5 | 4 | 10 | 5 |
| Body length | 354.1 ± 15.5 (331–370) | 311 ± 18.5 (290–335) | 266.4 ± 27.1 (218–300) | 344 ± 9.5 (331–357) |
| a | 28.1 ± 0.6 (27.4–28.9) | 26.0 ± 3.0 (24.4–30.5) | 18.3 ± 1.9 (15.3–20.5) | 23.8 ± 0.4 (23.1–24.4) |
| b | 4.9 ± 0.2 (4.6–5.1) | — | 3.6 ± 0.3 (3.2–4) | 4.2 ± 0.2 (3.9–4.4) |
| c | 15.4 ± 1.3 (13.6–17.2) | 12.5 ± 0.6 (11.8–13.1) | 13.8 ± 1.4 (12.1–16.5) | 14.9 ± 0.5 (14.4–15.7) |
| c' | 2.9 ± 0.2 (2.7–3.2) | — | 2 ± 0.1 (1.8–2.2) | 2.3 ± 0.3 (1.9–2.6) |
| Stylet length | — | — | 14.8 ± 3.2 (10.7–18.6) | 12.5 ± 0.9 (11.2–13.5) |
| St/L% | — | — | 5.7 ± 1.8 (3.6–8) | — |
| Ant. to SE | 61.3 ± 1 (59.9–62.4) | 69 ± 9.8 (57–81) | 61.9 ± 2.8 (55.7–65.1) | 65 ± 2.8 (63–70) |
| Pharynx length | 72.9 ± 1 (71.7–74.3) | — | 73.1 ± 2.5 (67.4–75.7) | 82 ± 4.3 (76–88) |
| Max. body width | 12.6 ± 0.7 (11.9–13.4) | — | 14.7 ± 2.3 (10.9–18.1) | 14.4 ± 0.3 (14.2–14.9) |
| Anal body width | 7.9 ± 0.5 (7.6–8.7) | — | 9.7 ± 0.7 (8.8–10.8) | 10.2 ± 1.2 (8.8–11.7) |
| Tail length | 23.2 ± 1.6 (20.5–24.3) | 25.0 ± 2.2 (23.8–28.3) | 19.4 ± 2.0 (16.5–22.5) | 23.2 ± 0.8 (22.0–24.0) |
| Spicule length | 17.9 ± 0.9 (16.9–19.3) | 19.6 ± 0.9 (18.6–20.7) | — | — |
Note: All measurements are in μm and in the form: mean value ± SD (range).
Table 3
Matrix codes for Korean population of Paratylenchus enigmaticus
| Paratylenchus enigmaticus | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Korean population | 2 | 32 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
Figure 2
Phylogenetic relationships within population and species of Paratylenchus. Bayesian 50% majority rule consensus tree from two runs as inferred from the analysis of the D2–D3 of 28S rDNA gene sequences under the GTR + I + G model. Posterior probability values more than 50% are given in appropriate clades. Newly sequenced sample is indicated in bold font.
Figure 3
Phylogenetic relationships within population and species of Paratylenchus. Bayesian 50% majority rule consensus tree from two runs as inferred from the analysis of the ITS region gene sequences under the GTR + I + G model. Posterior probability values more than 50% are given in appropriate clades. Newly sequenced sample is indicated by bold font.
Figure 4
Effect of initial inoculum density of Paratylenchus enigmaticus on RF of chrysanthemum cultivar “Milky Star.” Bars represent mean values ± standard deviation (SD) (n = 3). Different letters indicate significant differences among treatments based on Tukey’s HSD test (p < 0.05).
Table 4
Growth parameters of chrysanthemum “Milky Star” after inoculation with different initial densities of Paratylenchus enigmaticus
| Inoculum density (Pi) | Shoot height (cm) | Shoot weight (g) | Root weight (g) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 (Control) | 11.4 ± 1.65 | 2.72 ± 0.62 | 4.57 ± 0.89 |
| 100 | 12.1 ± 2.01 | 2.79 ± 1.35 | 4.75 ± 1.76 |
| 1,000 | 13.8 ± 1.42 | 4.67 ± 1.07 | 6.10 ± 1.01 |
| 10,000 | 12.6 ± 1.88 | 3.95 ± 0.76 | 5.34 ± 1.52 |
Table 5
RF of Paratylenchus enigmaticus in five chrysanthemum cultivars inoculated with 100 nematodes
| Cultivar | RF (Mean value ± SD) | CV (%) | Host status |
|---|---|---|---|
| Crown white | 2.15 ± 0.55 | 25.6 | Host |
| Golden wave | 1.59 ± 0.27 | 17.0 | Host |
| Miracle eye | 5.66 ± 3.22 | 98.5 | Host |
| Pretty purple | 0.69 ± 0.16 | 23.2 | Poor host |
| Sweet pink | 2.03 ± 0.09 | 7.4 | Host |