Table 1:
Mortality (%±SEM) of fifth instars of C. includens following 1 hr, 4 hr, 8 hr, or 24 hr of exposure to S. carpocapsae (all strain) with adjuvants, assessed at 24 hr and 72 hr post-application under laboratory conditions (25°C, 85% RH).
| Exposure (hr) | Treatment | 24 hr mortality | 72 hr mortality |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Sc + X + Ta | 48.3 ± 9.8 A, a | 88.3 ± 3.1 A, b |
| Sc + B | 26.7 ± 6.7 AB, b | 73.3 ± 8.8 AB, b | |
| Sc | 8.3 ± 1.7 BC, a | 53.3 ± 6.1 B, b | |
| Water + X + T | 0.0 ± 0.0 C, a | 1.7 ± 1.7 C, a | |
| Water + B | 0.0 ± 0.0 C, a | 0.0 ± 0.0 C, a | |
| Water | 0.0 ± 0.0 C, a | 0.0 ± 0.0 C, a | |
| 4 | Sc + X + T | 53.3 ± 11.7 A, a | 100.0 ± 0.0 A, a |
| Sc + B | 56.7 ± 3.3 A, a | 93.3 ± 2.1 A, ab | |
| Sc | 5.0 ± 2.2 B, a | 68.3 ± 8.7 B, b | |
| Water + X + T | 0.0 ± 0.0 B, a | 0.0 ± 0.0 C, a | |
| Water + B | 0.0 ± 0.0 B, a | 0.0 ± 0.0 C, a | |
| Water | 0.0 ± 0.0 B, a | 1.7 ± 1.7 C, a | |
| 8 | Sc + X + T | 56.7 ± 14.3 A, a | 100.0 ± 0.0 A, a |
| Sc + B | 56.7 ± 5.6 A. a | 96.7 ± 2.1 A, ab | |
| Sc | 3.3 ± 2.1 B, a | 76.7 ± 7.1 B, b | |
| Water + X + T | 0.0 ± 0.0 B, a | 1.7 ± 1.7 C, a | |
| Water + B | 0.0 ± 0.0 B, a | 1.7 ± 1.7 C, a | |
| Water | 0.0 ± 0.0 B, a | 0.0 ± 0.0 C, a | |
| 24 | Sc + X + T | 80.0 ± 11.3 A, a | 100.0 a ± 0.0 A, a |
| Sc + B | 71.7 ± 8.3 A, a | 98.3 a ± 1.7 A, a | |
| Sc | 26.7 ± 9.9 B, a | 96.7 a ± 2.1 A, a | |
| Water + X + T | 0.0 ± 0.0 C, a | 0.0 ± 0.0 B, a | |
| Water + B | 0.0 ± 0.0 C, a | 0.0 ± 0.0 B, a | |
| Water | 0.0 ± 0.0 C, a | 0.0 ± 0.0 B, a |
The same uppercase or lowercase letters indicate no significant differences among treatments within the same exposure duration or across exposure duration at the same treatment, respectively at P > 0.05 (Tukey's HSD test).
Table 2:
Mortality (%±SEM) of fifth instars of C. includens caused by S. carpocapsae (all strain) with adjuvants 72 hr post-application under greenhouse conditions.
| Trial | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
| Temperature (°C)a | 20 (17–30) | 18 (13–27) | 19 (15–28) | 15 (12–29) |
| RH (%)a | 84 (79–99) | 66 (55–84) | 71 (67–99) | 71 (48–85) |
| Plant stage | Beginning pod | Poding | Poding | Poding |
| High (cm) | 31.2 | 38.1 | 38.1 | 39.4 |
| Sc + X + Tb | 100.0 ± 0.0 | 86.7 ± 3.3 a | 96.7 ± 3.3 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 a |
| Sc + B | 100.0 ± 0.0 | 46.7 ± 6.7 b | 96.7 ± 3.3 a | 73.3 ± 8.8 b |
| Sc | 100.0 ± 0.0 | 40.0 ± 5.8 b | 96.7 ± 3.3 a | 56.7 ± 12.0 b |
| Water | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 c | 0.0 ± 0.0 b | 0.0 ± 0.0 c |
| F-value (3, 8) | 19.71 | 62.07 | 61.16 | |
| P-value | 0.0005 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
Mean values within a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P > 0.05 (Tukey's HSD test).
Table 3:
The effect of Barricade optimization on mortality (%±SEM) of C. includens fifth instars caused by S. carpocapsae (All strain) 72 hr post-application under greenhouse conditions.
| Trial | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| Temperature (°C)a | 20 (13–22) | 18 (16–36) | 20 (19–40) |
| RH (%)a | 54 (53–88) | 47 (16–78) | 53 (25–84) |
| Plant stage | Fifth trifoliolate | Sixth trifoliolate | Seventh trifoliolate |
| High (cm) | 33 | 36 | 46 |
| Sc + 1.0%B + Tb | 90.0 ± 5.8 a | 40.0 ± 5.8 a | 26.7 ± 3.3 a |
| Sc + 0.3%B + T | 83.3 ± 6.7 ab | 36.7 ± 6.7 a | 44.1 ± 18.1 a |
| Sc + 1.0%B | 56.7 ± 3.3 bc | 10.0 ± 0.0 b | 10.8 ± 0.8 ab |
| Sc + 0.3%B | 36.7 ± 6.7 c | 6.7 ± 3.3 bc | 13.7 ± 8.8 ab |
| Sc | 63.3 ± 3.3 bc | 17.8 ± 3.4 ab | 20.0 ± 0.0 ab |
| Water | 0.0 ± 0.0 d | 0.0 ± 0.0 c | 0.0 ± 0.0 b |
| F-value (5, 12) | 38.60 | 18.73 | 5.43 |
| P-value | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0077 |
Mean values within a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P > 0.05 (Tukey's HSD test).
Figure 1:
Mean (±SEM) percentage IJs of S. carpocapsae observed at a 2 cm depth following cessation of stirring at set time intervals for treatments of Xanthan & Tween (A) and Barricade & Tween (B) at different concentrations. The same uppercase or lowercase letters indicate no significant differences among concentrations within the same time interval or across time intervals at the same concentration, respectively (Tukey's HSD test, α > 0.05). IJs, infective juveniles.