Diplolaimelloides woaabi sp. n. (Nematoda: Monhysteridae): A Novel Species of Free-Living Nematode from the Great Salt Lake, Utah

Jung, Julie; Murray, Thomas R.; Marcue, Morgan C.; Powers, Thomas; Farrer, Solinus; Borgmeier, Abigail; Adams, Byron J.; Wang, Jonathan A.; Fonseca, Gustavo; Werner, Michael S.

doi:10.2478/jofnem-2025-0048

Figures & Tables

Sampling sites within the GSL. (A) Locations and average in situ water salinity of six sample sites around (1–3) and within (4–6) the GSL. Lake topographies depict NASA SRTM2 v.2 data from 2007 and UGRC LiDAR data from 2016. Figure adapted from Jung et al. (2024a, 2024b). (B) Representative microbialite mounds at Site 6 from which nematodes were extracted. GSL, Great Salt Lake.

Diplolaimelloides woaabi sp. nov. Left: holotype female with anterior end inset. Right: holotype male with anterior and posterior end inset, to scale.

Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree of Monhysteridae nematodes, based on aligned SSU sequences, including two paratype male specimen of D. woaabi sp, nov. indicated in orange. Alignment made with MUSCLE and tree made with IQ-TREE (see section “Materials and Methods”). Branches with less than 50 bootstrap support are not reported.

The secretory–excretory pore. (A–D) Scanning electron microscopy of the anterior end of four different Diplolaimelloides woaabi sp. nov. individuals. The position of the secretory–excretory pore on the ventral side of the nematode is annotated with a white arrow. Other miscellaneous salient features are labeled as landmarks.

Scanning electron microscopy of female Diplolaimelloides woaabi sp. nov. shows several features, including the posterior pattern of papillae on (A) the whole body, (B,C) a closeup of integument and single papilla, and (D–F) the posterior ends of nematodes, with each letter depicting a different individual and successively zoomed-in shots of the anus and/or vulva areas with visible papillae labeled with white arrows.

Microscopy of male Diplolaimelloides woaabi sp. nov. shows the posterior pattern of papillae on the whole body or posterior ends (A–D). Each letter depicts a different individual and successively zoomed-in shots with papillae labeled with white arrows. (B) Image taken with DIC microscopy; all others taken with scanning electron microscopy. DIC, differential interference contrast.

Terminal head region of Diplolaimelloides woaabi sp. nov. (A) DIC microscopy reveals stoma with a double cavity, or two distinct compartments, the muscular pharynx and the prominent cardia. (B) Section of the anterior end, arrows pointing to the second chamber of the buccal cavity and the position of the amphidal fovea. Scanning electron microscopy shows (C–F) completely fused lip plates that carry a concentration of sense organs in a 6 (inner) + 6 + 4 (outer) pattern, and amphids and somatic papillae visible slightly posterior from the anterior end. DIC, differential interference contrast.

Photoreceptors of Diplolaimelloides woaabi sp. nov. (A) Anterior body end showing the position of one of the ocelli and detail of the pigment area. Inset shows a schematic reconstruction based on the ultrastructure of an ocellus, adapted from a TEM photograph (Van De Velde and Coomans, 1988). Anterior body end of a different specimen, showing the positions and colored pigment of (B) both, (C) one, and (D) the other ocelli.

Diplolaimelloides woaabi sp. nov. total length as a factor of stage and sex.

Male copulatory apparatus, Diplolaimelloides woaabi sp. nov. (A) Diagram of male papillae pattern and (inset) position. Gubernaculum in (B) ventral and (C) lateral view with non-emergent spicule. (D) Lateral view with emergent spicule. Images taken with or traced over DIC microscopy. DIC, differential interference contrast.

Scanning electron microscopy of body ornamentation or adherence of other organisms and/or substances on Diplolaimelloides woaabi sp. nov. that are (A–D) rod-like, (E,F) wart-like, or (G,H) fuzz-like.

Differential diagnosis to identify Diplolaimelloides woaabi sp. nov.

Global map of Diplolaimelloides. GIS map of documented Diplolaimelloides recovered from the wild (n = 63), representing 14 species. Where possible, exact GPS coordinates are used directly from source material including species-description manuscripts, images of notebooks, and the GBIF webserver. In a few cases, approximate coordinates are estimated from geographical description. D. woaabi sp. nov. depicted in orange. GBIF, Global Biodiversity Information Facility; GIS, Geographic Information Systems.

Measurements (µm) of Diplolaimelloides woaabi sp_ nov_ (range) compared with measurements of all other described Diplolaimelloides species_

	*D. woaabi*		*D. altherii*		*D. brucei*		*D. conctortus*		*D. deconincki*		*D. delyi*		*D. elegans*		*D. islandicus*		*D. meyli*		*D. oschei*		*D. palustris*		*D. rushikondai*		*D. tehuelchus*		*D. warwicki*
Ref	Herein		(Meyl, 1954)		(Hopper, 1970)		(Chen et al., 2023)		(Gerlach, 1951)		(Andrássy, 1958, Chen et al., 2023)		(Gagarin and Thanh, 2008)		(De Coninick, 1943)		(Timm, 1961)		(Meyl, 1954)		(Tsalolikhin, 1985)		(Sufyan et al., 2014)		(Pastor de Ward & Lo Russo, 2009)		(Pastor de Ward and Lo Russo, 2009)
Sex	♀	♂	♀	♂	♀	♂	♀	♂	♀	♂	♀	♂	♀	♂	♀	♂	♀	♂	♀	♂	♀	♂	♀	♂	♀	♂	♀	♂
L	441–1159	560–1100	616–988	508–832	690–880	730–890	737–854	713–844	736	860	810–1410	690–1310	809–826	835	680	717–730	750–1200	820–1250	554–850	587–717	776–851	824	620–748	545–683	760–880	600–700	1000–1010	770–1100
a	25.5–34.0	23.8–37.7	33.0–40.0	37.7–42.2	41.9	36.9	23.0–29.5	25.9–32.5	21.2	24.8	26.3–40.2	27.3–44.5	28.0–30.0	35	30.2	42.7–43.7	25.7–37.9	31.4–43.5	33.0–41.7	34.8–37.0	27.4–31.0	34.3	26.0–37.0	32.1–42.7	33.0–35.0	32.9–35.0	35.7–40.4	30.8–35.5
b	4.0–7.4	5.4–10.7	6.5–7.7	5.5–6.4	7.0	6.5	6.6–7.1	6.1–7.0	6.8	6.3	6.2–8.9	5.8–7.9	7.0–7.4	7.2	5.6	5.2–5.4	5.1–6.7	5.0–6.5	6.0–7.1	6.0–6.8	6.6–6.7	6.2	6.8–8.0	6.0–7.6	5.7–6.3	5.6–6.2	7.4–7.8	5.7–7.2
c	3.6–7.2	5.4–17.3	5.0–6.1	5.5	9.0	12.7	3.7–4.1	4.4–4.5	4.2	5.9	3.9–7.5	5.1–10.3	4.2–5.3	7.2	9.7	9.8–10.4	9.8–14.4	9.4–17.7	3.2–4.2	3.4–4.5	4.5	6.7	4.0–6.0	4.7–8.8	4.9–6.0	7.6–8.8	10.0–10.6	14.0–20.8
Stl	1–7	3–6	n/a	n/a	5	5	8–9	8–9	n/a	n/a	8–9	8–9	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	7–8	6–8	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Stw	1–4	2–5	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	3	2–3	n/a	n/a	3	3–4	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Bdcs	4–12	6–14	n/a	n/a	6–7	6–7	8	8–9	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	10–11	11	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	8–10	6–7	7–9	6–9	7–8	7–9
Csla	0.6–0.8	0.3–0.3	n/a	n/a	Absent	Absent	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	1–2	1–2	1	1	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	0.4–0.5	0.4–0.5	1.4–1.5	1.5
Aw	1.3–4.2	2.3–3.6	n/a	n/a	2	2	3–4	3	n/a	n/a	3	3–4	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	3–5	3–5	2.8–4.0	2.8–3.0	4	3.5–4.0
Al	1.3–4.2	2.3–3.6	n/a	n/a	2	2	3–4	3	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	3–5	3–5	3.0–4.0	3.5–4.0	3.5–4	3.5–4.0
DaA	10.8–20.0	13.8–17.8	n/a	n/a	3–8	3–8	9–10	9	n/a	n/a	10–14	10–13	17–18	18	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	7.8–11.7	7.8–11.7	10.0–12.0	10.0–11.0	8–9	8–9
A%	10.0–31.4	13.0–26.2	n/a	n/a	10.7	1–8	23.0–30.6	23.6–29.8	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	21.5–30.8	23.1–27.3	30.8–36.4	30.8–33
BdA	8.8–19.5	10.9–17.3	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	11–12	11–12	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	10–12	10–11	11–13	11–13
Ol	2.1–3.8	2.3–5.3	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	absent	absent	2	1.5–2	3	3
Ow	1.9–3.5	1.4–3.6	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	absent	absent	2	1.5–2	3	3
Dao	17.6–38.7	25.4–33.4	n/a	n/a	27–37	27–37	35–44	40–49	n/a	n/a	43–49	49–59	42–45	45	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	absent	absent	20–36	21–26	30–45	30–38
Bdo	13.5–20.1	1.2–25.4	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	17–20	17–18	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	absent	absent	14–18	13–15	17	14–20
Bdph	15.3–29.8	19.3–35.3	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	21–24	21–24	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	19–23	19–20	130–136	122–152
Daph	102–168	103–181	n/a	n/a	97–130	97–130	108–123	113–118	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	85–115	80–95	120–122	109–126	130–136	122–152
Mbd	17–35	23–42	22	17	19	22	26–33	25–32	35	35	40	34	28	24	23	17	31	28	19	18	28	24	20–25	15–17	20–26	20–21	27	28
Abd	15–28	17–34	n/a	n/a	15–17	15–17	14–16	15–17	n/a	n/a	23–24	22–26	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	15–16	12–18	15–21	16–19	18–24	20–23
Tl	88–210	53–123	n/a	n/a	65–98	34–60	188–209	164–186	n/a	n/a	233–268	152–190	154–196	116	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	110–175	85–110	138–147	77–87	95–100	53–54
Vbd	19–31	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	24–28	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	20–22	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
VtA	126–285	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	168–175	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	50–165	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
V%	50–62	n/a	58–65	n/a	64–65	n/a	52–54	n/a	54	n/a	53–64	n/a	56–59	n/a	65	n/a	62–68	n/a	49–54	n/a	55–56	n/a	55–62	n/a	57–61	n/a	69–74	n/a
B	n/a	22–55	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	38.4	n/a	50
Pb	n/a	2 + 2	n/a	1 + 2 + 2	n/a	2 + 2	n/a	2 + 2	n/a	1 + 2	n/a	2 + 2	n/a	1 + 2 + 1 + 1	n/a	1 + 2	n/a	1 + 2	n/a	2 + 2	n/a	1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1	n/a	2 + 2	n/a	2 + 2	n/a	1 + 2
Ppc	≥1	1	n/a	0	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	1	n/a	0	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	2	n/a	n/a
Pcd	≥3	≥3	n/a	2	n/a	2	4 + 2	2	n/a	n/a	n/a	2	n/a	0
S	n/a	57–90	n/a	62–70	n/a	31–38	n/a	45–50	n/a	45–50	n/a	48–78	n/a	46	n/a	27	n/a	35–41	n/a	27–33	n/a	45	n/a	46	n/a	60–67	n/a	33–39
Lfilt	30–139	27–87	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	51–64	20–26	18–26
Ltip	4–12	4–8	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	6–8	4–5	4–6

Measurements (µm) of Diplolaimelloides woaabi sp_ nov_ (range, mean value in parentheses)_

	Holotype female	Paratype female (N = 20)	Holotype male	Paratype male (N = 9)
L	1,059.4	441.0–1,159.4 (712.5)	1,011.0	559.6–1,100.3 (835.5)
a	33.8	25.5–34.0 (28.8)	23.8	24.3–37.7 (31.9)
b	6.7	4.0–7.4 (5.7)	5.6	5.4–10.7 (6.6)
c	6.5	3.6–7.2 (4.8)	10.2	5.4–17.3 (10.0)
Stl	5.2	1.5–7.0 (3.5)	5.8	2.9–5.2 (4.0)
Stw	2.9	1.2–4.3 (2.2)	4.7	2.3–2.9 (2.6)
Bdcs	11.9	4.5–11.0 (7.1)	13.7	6.2–11.2 (7.8)
Csla	n/a	0.6–0.8 (0.7)	n/a	0.3–0.3 (0.3)
Aw	3.4	1.3–4.2 (2.5)	2.3	3.4–3.6 (3.5)
Al	3.5	1.3–4.2 (2.6)	2.3	3.4–3.6 (3.5)
Daa	14.4	10.8–20.0 (15.9)	17.8	13.8–15.6 (14.7)
A%	23.9	10.0–31.4 (16.5)	13	22.0–26.2 (24.1)
Bda	17.6	8.8–19.5 (11.8)	10.9	13.6–17.3 (15.5)
Ol	3.8	2.1–3.5 (3.1)	5.3	2.3–4.3 (2.9)
Ow	1.9	2.1–3.5 (2.5)	3.6	1.4–2.7 (2.1)
Dao	38.7	17.6–33.4 (25.5)	29.3	25.4–33.4 (29.0)
Bdo	20.1	13.5–19.9 (17.1)	25.4	1.2–18.7 (15.1)
Bdph	26.2	15.3–29.8 (20.6)	35.3	19.3–25.4 (23.0)
Daph	156.9	102.0–167.6 (126.3)	181	102.9–161.7 (136.0)
Mbd	31.4	17.0–35.5 (24.7)	42.4	22.6–31.7 (26.1)
Abd	23.3	15.0–28.2 (17.9)	34.3	17.1–28.7 (22.4)
Tl	164.2	87.8–210.1 (155.5)	99.3	53.4–122.7 (87.7)
Vbd	30.1	19.2–31.3 (23.8)	n/a	n/a
Vta	236.9	125.8–285.5 (165.2)	n/a	n/a
V%	62.1	49.8–61.8 (54.1)	n/a	n/a
B	n/a	n/a	54.5	22.1–52.3 (37.3)
S	n/a	n/a	89.5	57.1–77.0 (66.3)
Lfilt	134.4	29.5–139.4 (87.2)	70.4	26.6–87.0 (64.2)
Ltip	6.1	3.8–12.0 (5.9)	8.1	3.6–6.6 (5.0)

Diplolaimelloides woaabi sp. n. (Nematoda: Monhysteridae): A Novel Species of Free-Living Nematode from the Great Salt Lake, Utah

Figures & Tables

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Measurements (µm) of Diplolaimelloides woaabi sp_ nov_ (range) compared with measurements of all other described Diplolaimelloides species_

Measurements (µm) of Diplolaimelloides woaabi sp_ nov_ (range, mean value in parentheses)_

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