Properties of Enhanced Calcium-alginate Beads as a Formulation for Disseminating the Entomopathogenic Nematodes Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Steinernema carpocapase, and Steinernema feltiae

Reyhaneh Darsouei; Javad Karimi; Lukasz L. Stelinski

doi:10.2478/jofnem-2025-0020

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Properties of Enhanced Calcium-alginate Beads as a Formulation for Disseminating the Entomopathogenic Nematodes Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Steinernema carpocapase, and Steinernema feltiae

Journal of Nematology

Volume 57 (2025): Issue 1 (February 2025)

By: Reyhaneh Darsouei, Javad Karimi and Lukasz L. Stelinski

Open Access

|Jun 2025

Figures & Tables

Formation of calcium alginate beads: A) Suspension added to 30 mM of calcium chloride; B) Suspension passed through strainer; C) Bead transferred to filter paper; D) Beads maintained in plastic zip cap; and E) IJs within calcium alginate beads.

Calcium alginate beads: A) At the time of transfer to water and B) 24 h after transfer to water.

Table 1:

The survival rate of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora IJs escaping from calcium alginate beads. The control treatment was kept in sterile water.

Temperature	Treatments	1-day	10-day	20-day	30-day	40-day	50-day	60-day	70-day	80-day	90-day	100-day	110-day	120-day	150-day	180-day
25ºC	SA 1.5%	100a	99.34a	82.95d	71.76e	71.45e	70.91ef	69.64f	68.94f	68.67f	68.52f	68.29fg	67.52g	67.52g	61.73h	59.8h
25ºC	SA 1.75%	84.49cd	83.53d	82.68d	82.33d	70.99e	66.94g	63.97g	51.89i	50.27i	49.58i	48.8ij	47.61i	46.45jk	44.9k	41.37k
Control	100a	94.33b	86c	54hi	24.67i	8.67m	0n	0n	0n	0n	0n	0n	0n	0n	0n
8ºC	SA 1.5%	47.49g	35.69ij	35.19j	34.84j	34.53j	33.37j	31.75jk	31.02k	29.51k	28.24k	27.08kl	26.54kl	25.23l	23.61l	23.26l
8ºC	SA 1.75%	63.46e	62.11ef	49.19g	47.61g	46.72g	46.03g	44.95g	44.48g	43.67gh	42.48h	38.39i	38.27i	38.39i	37.96i	37.81i
Control	100a	100a	100a	100a	86.67b	78c	69d	58f	32.67n	26.33kl	21.67l	16m	14m	0n	0n

[i] SA: Sodium alginate.

[ii] Numbers are expressed as a percentage. Means between lines followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the P = 0.05 LSD test.

Table 2:

The survival rate of Steinernema carpocapsae IJs escaping from calcium alginate beads.

Temperature	Treatments	1-day	10-day	20-day	30-day	40-day	50-day	60-day	70-day	80-day	90-day	100-day	110-day	120-day	150-day	180-day
25ºC	SA 1.5%	85.11b	81.91c	75.8de	72.13e	70.27e	68.56f	63.62g	57.82hi	57.23i	56.06i	54.95ij	53.83j	52.61j	41.81l	26.6n
25ºC	SA 1.75%	70.43e	65.16g	64.47g	63.09gh	61.49h	59.57h	53.72j	52.39j	50.85jk	50.16k	48.51k	47.55k	46.81k	37.23m	10.64p
Control	100a	78.33d	45kl	43.33l	35m	14.33o	5q	0r	0r	0r	0r	0r	0r	0r	0r
8ºC	SA 1.5%	100a	90.96c	83.4de	76.6ef	70.53g	68.56gh	67.29gh	66.65h	65.53h	59.31i	57.45j	56.06jk	55.32jk	54.41jk	47.87m
8ºC	SA 1.75%	82.45de	80.32e	79.36e	78.03ef	76.28f	75.11f	73.67fg	72.61fg	70.96g	69.79gh	68.35gh	67.29gh	60.9i	53.83k	50.16l
Control	100a	97.33ab	94.67b	91c	86d	71.33g	55.67jk	43.67n	31o	18.33p	10.33q	2.67r	0s	0s	0s

[i] SA: Sodium alginate.

[ii] The control treatment was kept in sterile water. Numbers are expressed as a percentage. Means between lines followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the P = 0.05 LSD test.

Table 3:

The survival rate of Steinernema feltiae IJs escaping from calcium alginate beads.

Temperature	Treatments	1-day	10-day	20-day	30-day	40-day	50-day	60-day	70-day	80-day	90-day	100-day	110-day	120-day	150-day	180-day
25	SA 1.5%	71.43d	67.05e	61.81g	59.14g	53.33hi	50.38i	43.14j	40.1jk	38.57jk	37.38jk	31.9l	19.76o	15.14p	0r	0r
25	SA 1.75%	49.52i	62.1fg	58.76g	55.05h	50.76i	44.29j	41.9jk	40.86jk	35.71k	32.33l	30.1l	28.05mn	25.86n	0r	0r
Control	100a	88b	75.67c	51.67i	28.67m	14.33p	4.33q	0r	0r	0r	0r	0r	0r	0r	0r
8	SA 1.5%	100a	76.67f	66.67h	53.43j	44.48kl	46.67k	34.29n	31.9no	27p	20.86qr	19.67r	14.29s	15.48s	0v	0v
8	SA 1.75%	93.33cd	83.52e	62.86i	53.33j	46.67k	46.43k	39.38m	34.52n	32.67n	32.62no	30.1o	26.52p	22.86q	0v	0v
Control	100a	87.33b	84.33c	79.67d	70.67e	62.67g	50.33lj	38.67o	28o	19.33r	16t	10.33u	4.67v	0v	0v

[i] SA: Sodium alginate.

[ii] The control treatment was kept in sterile water. Numbers are expressed as a percentage. Means between lines followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the P = 0.05 LSD test.

Reproduction rate of *Heterorhabditis bacteriophora* in last instar larvae of *Tenebrio molitor* at two storage temperatures, 8ºC and 25ºC and after 1, 100, and 180 days of formulation aging. A) Formulated with 1.5% sodium alginate, B) formulated with 1.75% sodium alginate.

Reproduction rate of *Steinernema carpocapsae* in the last instar larvae of *Tenebrio molitor* at two storage temperatures, 8ºC and 25ºC and after 1, 100, and 180 days of formulation aging. A) formulated with 1.5% sodium alginate, B) formulated with 1.75% sodium alginate.

Reproduction rate of *Steinernema feltiae* in the last instar larvae of *Tenebrio molitor* at two storage temperatures, 8ºC and 25ºC and after 1, 100, and 180 days of formulation aging. A) formulated with 1.5% sodium alginate, B) formulated with 1.75% sodium alginate.

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jofnem-2025-0020 | Journal eISSN: 2640-396X | Journal ISSN: 0022-300X

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Language: English

Submitted on: Feb 12, 2025

Published on: Jun 4, 2025

Published by: Society of Nematologists, Inc.

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

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© 2025 Reyhaneh Darsouei, Javad Karimi, Lukasz L. Stelinski, published by Society of Nematologists, Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 57 (2025): Issue 1 (February 2025)

Properties of Enhanced Calcium-alginate Beads as a Formulation for Disseminating the Entomopathogenic Nematodes Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Steinernema carpocapase, and Steinernema feltiae

Figures & Tables

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