Storage Capacity of Entomopathogenic Nematodes in Barricade® Gel and Potassium Polyacrylate Hydrogel

Sinethemba Zulu; Tshimangadzo Ramakuwela; Hugues Baimey; Mark Laing; David Shapiro-Ilan; Nicolene Cochrane

doi:10.2478/jofnem-2025-0014

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Storage Capacity of Entomopathogenic Nematodes in Barricade® Gel and Potassium Polyacrylate Hydrogel

Journal of Nematology

Volume 57 (2025): Issue 1 (February 2025)

By: Sinethemba Zulu, Tshimangadzo Ramakuwela, Hugues Baimey, Mark Laing, David Shapiro-Ilan and Nicolene Cochrane

Open Access

|Jun 2025

Figures & Tables

Total area under the curve analyzed using area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) statistical analyses for the survival of three entomopathogenic nematode species, produced in vivo or in vitro and formulated in Barricade® gel (B) or Potassium Polyacrylate Hydrogel (PPH), assessed at two weeks intervals over a period of eight weeks. Different letters at each bar indicate significant differences between treatments (α = 0.05), compared for each nematode species separately.

Area under the curve [analyzed using area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) statistical analyses] for mealworm mortality following infection with three entomopathogenic nematode species, produced in vivo or in vitro and formulated in Barricade® gel (B) or Potassium Polyacrylate Hydrogel (PPH), assessed at two weeks intervals over a period of eight weeks. Different letters at each bar indicate significant differences between treatments (α = 0.05), compared for each nematode species separately.

Survival of entomopathogenic nematodes produced in vivo and in vitro and formulated in either Barricade® gel (B) or Potassium Polyacrylate Hydrogel (PPH) (LSD (P < 0001) = 20_64)_

Strain	Formulation	Day 1	2 weeks	4 weeks	6 weeks	8 weeks
SGI 245 Heterorhabditis bacteriophora	In vivo B	100 a	59 a	56 a	37 b	13 a
	In vitro B	100 a	64 a	65 a	67 a	8 a
	In vivo PPH	100 a	59 a	55 a	37 b	13 a
	In vitro PPH	100 a	61 a	63 a	68 a	10 a
	In vivo control	100 a	0 b	^*	^*	^*
	In vitro control	100 a	0 b	^*	^*	^*
ROOI 352 Steinernema tophus	In vivo B	100 a	76 a	60 a	47 b	4 a
	In vitro B	100 a	62 b	57 a	66 a	^*
	In vivo PPH	100 a	76 a	60 a	47 b	4 a
	In vitro PPH	100 a	62 b	63 a	66 c	2 a
	In vivo control	100 a	0 c	^*	^*	^*
	In vitro control	100 a	0 c	^*	^*	^*
SGI 35 Steinernema innovationi	In vivo B	100 a	68 a	53 a	47 b	^*
	In vitro B	100 a	58 b	63 a	68 a	^*
	In vivo PPH	100 a	68 a	53 a	47 b	^*
	In vitro PPH	100 a	60 b	69 a	69 a	1
	In vivo control	100 a	0 c	^*	^*	^*
	In vitro control	100 a	0 c	^*	^*	^*

Table showing infectivity of entomopathogenic nematodes produced in vivo and in vitro against Tenebrio molitor and formulated in either Barricade® gel (B) or Potassium Polyacrylate Hydrogel (PPH) (LSD (P = 0,05) = 6,1742)_

Strain	Formulation	Day 1	2 weeks	4 weeks	6 weeks	8 weeks
SGI 245 Heterorhabditis bacteriophora	In vivo B	100 a	90 a	93 a	70 a	57 a
	In vitro B	100 a	83 a	77 b	70 a	50 a
	In vivo PPH	100 a	90 a	90 a	70 a	53 a
	In vitro PPH	100 a	90 a	80 b	73 a	53 a
	In vivo control	100 a	0 b	^*	^*	^*
	In vitro control	100 a	0 b	^*	^*	^*
ROOI 352 Steinernema tophus	In vivo B	100 a	97 a	100 a	83 a	90 a
	In vitro B	100 a	97 a	73 c	67 b	^*
	In vivo PPH	100 a	100 a	100 a	90 a	93 a
	In vitro PPH	100 a	100 a	80 b	67 b	93 a
	In vivo control	100 a	0 b	^*	^*	^*
	In vitro control	100 a	0 b	^*	^*	^*
SGI 35 Steinernema innovationi	In vivo B	100 a	93 a	90 a	80 a	^*
	In vitro B	100 a	80 b	77 a	57 b	^*
	In vivo PPH	100 a	93 a	90 a	80 a	^*
	In vitro PPH	100 a	80 b	80 a	60 b	93
	In vivo control	100 a	0 c	^*	^*	^*
	In vitro control	100 a	0 c	^*	^*	^*

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jofnem-2025-0014 | Journal eISSN: 2640-396X | Journal ISSN: 0022-300X

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Language: English

Submitted on: Jan 8, 2025

Published on: Jun 21, 2025

Published by: Society of Nematologists, Inc.

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

Keywords:

Biological control,

formulation technology,

Heterorhabditidae,

in vivo and in vitro production,

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© 2025 Sinethemba Zulu, Tshimangadzo Ramakuwela, Hugues Baimey, Mark Laing, David Shapiro-Ilan, Nicolene Cochrane, published by Society of Nematologists, Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 57 (2025): Issue 1 (February 2025)

Storage Capacity of Entomopathogenic Nematodes in Barricade® Gel and Potassium Polyacrylate Hydrogel

Figures & Tables

Figure 1:

Figure 2:

Survival of entomopathogenic nematodes produced in vivo and in vitro and formulated in either Barricade® gel (B) or Potassium Polyacrylate Hydrogel (PPH) (LSD (P < 0001) = 20_64)_

Table showing infectivity of entomopathogenic nematodes produced in vivo and in vitro against Tenebrio molitor and formulated in either Barricade® gel (B) or Potassium Polyacrylate Hydrogel (PPH) (LSD (P = 0,05) = 6,1742)_

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