Waitea circinata: a novel biocontrol agent against Meloidogyne enterolobii on tomato plants

Analysis of variance of vegetative and nematological variables from tomato plants inoculated with M.enterolobii and treated with six concentrations of W.circinata, applied as immersion or drench (Experiments 1 and 2).

F	p-value	F	p-value
Application Method	SL(cm)	1.303^b	0.257^b	100.229^b	<0.001^*, ^b
	RFW(g)	80.338	<0.001^*	13.596	<0.001^*
	SFW(g)	0.929	0.338	53.982^b	<0.001^*, ^b
FP	1.641^b	0.208^b	0.939	0.337
DENS	2.468^b	0.120^b	14.793	<0.001^*
RF	1.575^b	0.213^b	0.925	0.341
Dosage	SL(cm)	0.636^b	0.673^b	1.110^b	0.368^b
	RFW(g)	0.151	0.979	0.166	0.973
	SFW(g)	0.906	0.482	1.318^b	0.272^b
FP	2.957^b	0.017^*, ^b	2.263	0.063
DENS	2.355^b	0.048^*, ^b	2.278	0.061
RF	2.949^b	0.017^*, ^b	2.256	0.063
Method ^* Dosage	SL(cm)	0.524^b	0.757^b	0.712^b	0.617^b
	RFW(g)	1.317	0.266	1.930	0.106
	SFW(g)	0.960	0.448	1.962^b	0.101^b
FP	0.507^b	0.769^b	0.138	0.982
DENS	0.506^b	0.770^b	1.078	0.384
RF	0.510^b	0.767^b	0.081	0.994

a SL = Shoot length; RFW = Fresh root weight; SFW = Fresh weight of aerial part; FP = final population; DENS = Density of nematodes per gram of root; RF = Reproduction Factor.

* The characters have statistically significant differences (p<0.05).

b Analysis carried out with data transformed by the Box-Cox transformations (Box and Cox, 1964).

Table 2:

Vegetative and nematological traits of the first and second trials, differentiating the application methods of W. circinata against M. enterolobii in the Santa Cruz Kada tomato cultivar.

		Immersion	Drench
Experiment	Trait^a	Mean±SD	Mean±SD	F	p-value
1	SL (cm)	110.69 ± 20.01	107.58 ± 15.81	1.303^b	0.257^b
	RFW(g)	40.46 ± 10.18	62.26 ± 11.69	80.338	<0.001^*
	SFW(g)	119.18 ± 29.73	113.88 ± 19.29	0.929	0.338
FP	1150.00 ± 677.24	1555.95 ± 1187.65	1.641^b	0.208^b
DENS	29.90 ± 18.09	26.06 ± 20.63	2.468^b	0.120^b
RF	0.57 ± 0.33	0.78 ± 0.59	1.575^b	0.213^b
2	SL (cm)	90.33 ± 10.11	114.10 ± 8.03	100.229^b	<0.001^*, ^b
	RFW(g)	29.81 ± 5.77	35.90 ± 7.01	13.596	<0.001^*
	SFW(g)	91.96 ± 15.30	112.38 ± 7.67	53.982^b	<0.001^*, ^b
FP	2443.33 ± 797.27	2248.33 ± 784.38	0.939	0.337
DENS	92.00 ± 26.37	68.72 ± 23.05	14.793	<0.001^*
RF	1.22 ± 0.39	1.12 ± 0.39	0.925	0.341

a SL = Shoot length; RFW = Fresh root weight; SFW = Fresh weight of aerial part; FP = final population; DENS = Density of nematodes per gram of root; RF = Reproduction Factor.

* The characters have statistically significant differences between them (p<0.05).

b Analysis carried out with data transformed by the Box-Cox transformations (Box and Cox, 1964).

Table 3:

Vegetative and nematological traits of the first and second trials, differentiating the dosages of W. circinata against M. enterolobii in the Santa Cruz Kada tomato cultivar.

		Control (Water)	5 g.L⁻¹	10 g.L⁻¹	15 g.L⁻¹	20 g.L⁻¹	25 g.L⁻¹
Experiment	Trait^a	Mean±SD	Mean±SD	Mean±SD	Mean±SD	Mean±SD	Mean±SD	F	*p-value*
1	SL (cm)	101.83 ± 18.79	111.92 ± 13.39	108.64 ± 23.33	107.28 ± 23.35	112.92 ± 13.74	112.21 ± 12.68	0.636^b	0.673^b
	RFW(g)	51.31 ± 11.16	52.84 ± 19.36	52.20 ± 17.35	50.33 ± 15.50	51.74 ± 18.11	49.75 ± 12.22	0.151	0.979
	SFW(g)	110.77 ± 21.76	120.73 ± 20.72	117.25 ± 28.44	110.7 ± 27.76	112.88 ± 28.34	126.85 ± 22.37	0.906	0.482
FP	2053.57 ± 1095.70	1285.71 ± 644.33	1171.42 ± 920.43	967.85 ± 825.46^*	1203.57 ± 974.37	1435.71 ± 1143.44	2.957^b	0.017^*, ^b
DENS	40.59 ± 18.41	27.95 ± 17.37	26.13 ± 24.51	20.23 ± 16.33^*	24.38 ± 16.26	28.60 ± 19.31	2.355^b	0.048^*, ^b
RF	1.02 ± 0.54	0.64 ± 0.32	0.58 ± 0.45	0.48 ± 0.41^*	0.60 ± 0.48	0.72 ± 0.57	2.949^b	0.017^*, ^b
2	SL (cm)	107.8 ± 16.51	103.7 ± 16.49	101.1 ± 12.63	100.9 ± 17.16	100.3 ± 14.63	99.5 ± 14.59	1.110^b	0.368^b
	RFW(g)	34.27 ± 8.99	33.00 ± 8.04	32.45 ± 5.94	32.10 ± 9.38	32.11 ± 5.20	33.18 ± 5.27	0.166	0.973
	SFW(g)	95.77 ± 25.13	107.27 ± 11.45	106.48 ± 13.21	103.02 ± 17.83	101.01 ± 12.38	99.48 ± 11.20	1.318^b	0.272^b
FP	3015 ± 768.49	2470 ± 825.69	2120 ± 753.58	2035 ± 502.24	2070 ± 727.70	2365 ± 841.64	2.263	0.063
DENS	95.046 ± 33.35	79.43 ± 21.00	72.47 ± 23.12	67.94 ± 27.72	74.39 ± 27.22	92.90 ± 23.75	2.278	0.061
RF	1.50 ± 0.38	1.23 ± 0.41	1.06 ± 0.37	1.02 ± 0.25	1.03 ± 0.36	1.18 ± 0.42	2.256	0.063

a SL = Shoot length; RFW = Fresh root weight; SFW = Fresh weight of aerial part; FP = final population; DENS = Density of nematodes per gram of root; RF = Reproduction Factor.

* The characters have statistically significant differences (p<0.05).

b Analysis carried out with data transformed by the Box-Cox transformations (Box and Cox, 1964).

Table 4:

ANOVA summary for the polynomial regression model of nematological traits based on mycorrhiza mycelial suspension.

			df	SS	MS	F	Significance F
Experiment 1	PF^a	Regression	2	666569.667	333284.834	25.486	^*0.013
	PF^a	Residual	3	39231.778	13077.259
	Total	5	705801.446
	DENS^a	Regression	2	223.023	111.512	26.146	^*0.013
	DENS^a	Residual	3	12.795	4.265
Total	5	235.818
FR^a	Regression	2	0.166	0.083	25.698	^*0.013
FR^a	Residual	3	0.010	0.003
Total	5	0.176
Experiment 2	PF^a	Regression	2	686036.548	343018.274	833.725	^*0.000
	PF^a	Residual	3	1234.286	411.429
	Total	5	687270.833
	DENS^a	Regression	2	611.832	305.916	65.484	^*0.003
	DENS^a	Residual	3	14.015	4.672
Total	5	625.847
FR^a	Regression	2	0.171	0.085	888.455	^*0.000
FR^a	Residual	3	0.000	0.000
Total	5	0.171

a FP = final population; DENS = Density of nematodes per gram of root; RF = Reproduction Factor.

* The characters have statistically significant differences between them (p<0.05).

Regression analysis for the effect of *W. circinata* dosages on *M.enterolobii* nematological variables in tomato plants in experiments 1 and 2. A–C) Polynomial regression curves fitted to the means of the final population (FP), density (DENS) and reproduction factor (RF). The data were obtained 35 DAT, and experiments 1 and 2 occurred independently between December 2022 and April 2023.

Table 5:

Effect of W. circinata on nematological variables in tomato plants inoculated with M. enterolobii at 35 days after inoculation.

Treatment	FP^a	DENS^a	RF^a
Me	2944 ± 668,3	114,43 ± 28,67	1,47 ± 0,33
Wc+Me	850 ± 463,1^*	26,38 ± 15,41^*	0,425 ± 0,23^*

a FP = final population; DENS = Density of nematodes per gram of root; RF = Reproduction Factor.

* The characters have statistically significant differences (p<0.05).

Peroxidase, catalase, and chitinase enzymatic activity analyzed in tomato leaves under different treatments. Negative control (Water), inoculation of 2000 J2 + *M.enterolobii* eggs (Me), irrigation with *W. circinata* mycelial suspension 15 g.L⁻¹ (Wc), and treatment with inoculation of 2000 J2 + *M.enterolobii* eggs and watering of *W. circinata* mycelial suspension 15 g.L⁻¹ (Wc+Me). Means followed by the same letters in columns were not significantly different according to the Tukey test (p < 0.05). Bars indicate the standard error of the mean. A) For POX, T-test revealed a significant difference between enzyme activity between Water (M = 0.190; SD = 0.26) and Wc (M = 0.533; SD = 0.065) on the third day; t(4) = −8.394, p = 0.001. B) For CAT, the T-test revealed a significant difference between enzyme activity between Water (M = 61.52; SD = 7.69) and Wc (M = 130.74; SD = 15.38) on the third day; t(4) = −6.971, p = 0.002. The T-test revealed a significant difference between enzyme activity between Water (M = 73.06; SD = 3.84) and Wc (M = 28.20; SD = 4.44) on the fifth day; t(4) = 13.229, p = 0.000. C) For CHI, the T-test revealed a significant difference between enzyme activity between Water (M = 63.01; SD = 3.11) and Wc (M = 50.39; SD = 1.51) on the third day; t(4) = 6.314, p = 0.003. The T-test revealed a significant difference between enzyme activity (M = 36.15; SD =1.04) and Wc (M = 29.21.74; SD = 3.914) on the fifth day; t(4) = 2.970, p = 0.041.

PCA plot of individuals with confidence ellipses around treatment categories and their contribution to Principal Components.

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) plot of enzymatic activities and collection day and their contribution to Principal Components.

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jofnem-2025-0002 | Journal eISSN: 2640-396X | Journal ISSN: 0022-300X

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Language: English

Submitted on: Jun 17, 2024

Published on: Mar 14, 2025

Published by: Society of Nematologists, Inc.

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

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© 2025 Gianlucca de Urzêda Alves, CG Felipe, RF Denner, RR Mara, GA Leila, published by Society of Nematologists, Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 57 (2025): Issue 1 (February 2025)

Waitea circinata: a novel biocontrol agent against Meloidogyne enterolobii on tomato plants

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