Figure 1:

Figure 2:

Figure 3:

Figure S1:

Sampling information of Mononchid populations used in this study_
| Species | Habitat | Sampling locality |
|---|---|---|
| M. brachyuris | Grass land soil | Linzhi, Tibetan |
| C. parvus | Moss soil | Zhouzhi, Shaanxi |
| Miconchus sp. | Moss soil | Nanjing, Jiangsu |
| Prionchulus sp. | Populus sp. rhizosphere | Qiqihar, Heilongjiang |
| M. brevicaudatus | Moss soil | Zhouzhi, Shaanxi |
| M. hawaiiensis | Moss soil | Nanjing, Jiangsu |
| M. sigmaturellus | Digitaria sp. rhizosphere | Nanyang, Henan |
| M. vulvapapillatus | Moss soil | Hulun Buir, Inner Mongolia |
| Mylonchulus sp. | Populus sp. rhizosphere | Qiqihar, Heilongjiang |
| Anatonchus sp. | Moss soil | Zhouzhi, Shaanxi |
Primer pair used, generated reads, and ASVs per mononchid sample_
| Species | Reads | ASVs | Primer used | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kingdom | Phylum | Order | |||
| M. brachyuris | 43 | 43 | 43 | 2 | TAR |
| C. parvus | 42 | 42 | 36 | 3 | TAR |
| Miconchus sp. | 2317 | 2315 | 2315 | 6 | TAR |
| Prionchulus sp. | 214 | 214 | 211 | 3 | TAR |
| M. brevicaudatus | 5983 | 5983 | 3618 | 7 | EUK |
| M. hawaiiensis | 43008 | 42672 | 40617 | 34 | EUK |
| M. sigmaturellus | 31737 | 30422 | 28781 | 89 | EUK |
| M. vulvapapillatus | 3944 | 3944 | 3929 | 13 | EUK |
| Mylonchulus sp. | 34869 | 34863 | 34864 | 15 | EUK |
| Anatonchus sp. | 35140 | 35140 | 34959 | 30 | EUK |