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Characterizing the Interaction Between Root-knot Nematodes and Soil-borne Fungi which are Pathogenic to Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis) Cover

Characterizing the Interaction Between Root-knot Nematodes and Soil-borne Fungi which are Pathogenic to Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis)

Journal of Nematology
Volume 54 (2022): Issue 1 (February 2022)
By: ,  ,  ,  ,   and    
Open Access
|Jul 2022
Figures & tables

Figures & Tables

Table 1

Effect of pathogens, acting alone or combined, on the root system volume (in mm3) of passion fruits plants cultivated in replicated growth chamber assays (1 and 2).

TreatmentsInteractions and assays
Meloidogyne incognita-Neocosmospora sp. 311
12
Neocosmospora sp. 3111500 aa1400 b
M. incognita1000 a1700 b
M. incognita-Neocosmospora sp. 3111000 a1400 b
Uninoculated control1000 a2900 a
M. incognita-Neocosmospora sp. 511
12
Neocosmospora sp. 5111800 a1100 a
M. incognita1000 b1100 a
M. incognita-Neocosmospora sp. 5111000 b1100 a
Uninoculated control1200 b1100 a
M. incognita-Fusarium nirenbergiae F022
12
F. nirenbergiae F0221000 a1000 a
M. incognita1400 a1400 a
M. incognita-F. nirenbergiae F0221000 a1000 a
Uninoculated control1300 a1200 a
Meloidogyne javanica-Neocosmospora sp. 311
12
Neocosmospora sp. 3111500b c1000 a
M. javanica2400 ab1000 a
M. javanica-Neocosmospora sp. 3111400 bc1000 a
Uninoculated control2400 a1000 a
M. javanica-Neocosmospora sp. 511
12
Neocosmospora sp. 5111800 a1100 a
M. javanica2000 a1300 a
M. javanica-Neocosmospora sp. 5111000 b1000 a
Uninoculated control2400 a1300 a
M. javanica-F. nirenbergiae F022
12
F. nirenbergiae F0222300 a1000 a
M. javanica2400 a1000 a
M. javanica-F. nirenbergiae F0222100 a1000 a
Uninoculated control2600 a1000 a

[i] aIn the column, different letters indicate significant difference between treatments according to the Kruskal–Wallis test at 5% significance. Values are mean of 10 replicates per treatment for each assay.

Table 2

Effect of the parasitism by Meloidogyne incognita or M. javanica on the volume of lesioned tissue in the collar-stem region (in mm3) caused by Neocosmospora sp. (311 or 511) or Fusarium nirenbergiae F022 in passion fruit plants cultivated in replicated growth chamber assays (1 and 2).

TreatmentsAssays
12
Neocosmospora sp. 31162.78 aa41.99 a
M. incognita-Neocosmospora sp. 311101.94 a30.23 a
12
Neocosmospora sp. 51182.64 a36.04 a
M. incognita-Neocosmospora sp. 51172.24 a38.03 a
12
F. nirenbergiae F022167.58 a20.77 a
M. incognita-F. nirenbergiae F02284.64 a28.56 a
12
Neocosmospora sp. 311162.42 a47.79 a
M. javanica-Neocosmospora sp. 31195.55 a33.13 a
12
Neocosmospora sp. 511111.24 a49.21 a
M. javanica-Neocosmospora sp. 51190.22 a40.82 a
12
F. nirenbergiae F022127.06 a18.26 a
M. javanica-F. nirenbergiae F022125.41 a29.76 a

[i] aIn the column, different letters indicate significant difference between treatments according to the T test at 5% significance. Values are means of 10 replicates per treatment for each assay.

Table 3

Severity of shoot symptoms, ranked on a 1–5 scale, induced by pathogens acting alone or combined in passion fruits plants cultivated in replicated growth chamber assays (1 and 2).

TreatmentsInteractions and assays
Meloidogyne incognita-Neocosmospora sp. 311
12
Neocosmospora sp. 3113.1 ba3.5 b
M. incognita0.9 a1.4 a
M. incognita-Neocosmospora sp. 3113.3 b3.4 b
Uninoculated control1 a1 a
M. incognita-Neocosmospora sp. 511
12
Neocosmospora sp. 5112 b3.2 bc
M. incognita2.3 b3 b
M. incognita-Neocosmospora sp. 5112 b3.8 c
Uninoculated control1 a1 a
M. incognita-Fusarium nirenbergiae F022
12
F. nirenbergiae F0223.6 c3 b
M. incognita2.3 b3 b
M. incognita-F. nirenbergiae F0222.7 bc3 b
Uninoculated control1 a1 a
Meloidogyne javanica-Neocosmospora sp. 311
12
Neocosmospora sp. 3113.7 c3 b
M. javanica2.6 b3 b
M. javanica-Neocosmospora sp. 3113.3 bc3.2 b
Uninoculated control1 a1 a
Meloidogyne javanica-Neocosmospora sp. 511
12
Neocosmospora sp. 5112.4 b3 b
M. javanica2 b3 b
M. javanica-Neocosmospora sp. 5112.1 b3.2 b
Uninoculated control1 a1 a
M. javanica-F. nirenbergiae F022
12
F. nirenbergiae F0223.1 b3 b
M. javanica3 b3 b
M. javanica-F. nirenbergiae F0223 b3.3 b
Uninoculated control2 a1 a

[i] aIn the column, different letters indicate significant difference between treatments according to the Kruskal–Wallis test at 5% significance. Values are mean of 10 replicates per treatment for each assay.

Table 4

Effect of the parasitism by Neocosmospora sp. (311 or 511) or Fusarium nirenbergiae F022 on the Pf and RF of Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica in passion fruit plants cultivated in replicated growth chamber assays (1 and 2).

TreatmentsVariables and assays
PfRF
1212
M. incognita1570 aa677 b0.44 a0.19 b
M. incognita-Neocosmospora 3111180 b1835 a0.33 b0.52 a
1212
M. incognita549 a1070 a0.15 a0.3 a
M. incognita-Neocosmospora 511260 b1178 a0.07 b0.33 a
1212
M. incognita210 b1040 a0.06 b0.29 a
M. incognita-F. nirenbergiae F022414 a780 a0.11 a0.22 a
1212
M. javanica1387 a1820 a0.39 a0.52 a
M. javanica-Neocosmospora 311445 b1560 a0.12 b0.44a
1212
M. javanica465 b2140 a0.13 b0.61 a
M. javanica-Neocosmospora 511602 a2260 a0.17 a0.64 a
1212
M. javanica230 a1410 a0.06 a0.41 a
M. javanica-F. nirenbergiae F022155 b1120 a0.04 b0.32 a

[i] aIn the column, different letters indicate significant difference between treatments according to the T test at 5% significance. Values are means of 10 replicates per treatment for each assay.

RF, reproduction factor; Pf, final population.

Figure 1

Effect of Meloidogyne incognita and Neocosmospora sp. 311, acting alone or combined, on the growth of passion fruit plants cultivated in a growth chamber, in the assays 1 (dotted column) and 2 (brick-pattern column). F: parasitism by fungus only; N: parasitism by nematode only; F + N: parasitism by fungus and nematode; C: noninoculated control. Columns with different letters indicate significant difference between treatments according to the Tukey test at 5%. Values are mean of 10 replicates per treatment for each assay.

Figure 2

Effect of Meloidogyne javanica and Neocosmospora sp. 311, acting alone orcombined, on the growth of passion fruit plants cultivated in a growth chamber, in the assays 1 (dotted column) and 2 (brick-pattern column). F: parasitism by fungus only; N: parasitism by nematode only; F + N: parasitism by fungus and nematode; C: noninoculated control. Columns with different letters indicate significant difference between treatments according to the Tukey test at 5%. Values are mean of 10 replicates per treatment for each assay.

Figure 3

Effect of Meloidogyne incognita and Neocosmospora sp. 511, acting alone or combined, on the growth of passion fruit plants cultivated in a growth chamber, in assays 1 (dotted column) and 2 (brick-pattern column). F: parasitism by fungus only; N: parasitism by nematode only; F + N: parasitism by fungus and nematode; C: noninoculated control. Columns with different letters indicate significant difference between treatments according to the Tukey test at 5%. Values are mean of 10 replicates per treatment for each assay.

Figure 4

Effect of Meloidogyne javanica and Neocosmospora sp. 511, acting alone or combined, on the growth of passion fruit plants cultivated in a growth chamber, in assays 1 (dotted column) and 2 (brick-pattern column). F: parasitism by fungus only; N: parasitism by nematode only; F + N: parasitism by fungus and nematode; C: noninoculated control. Columns with different letters indicate significant difference between treatments according to the Tukey test at 5%. Values are mean of 10 replicates per treatment for each assay.

Figure 5

Effect of Meloidogyne incognita and Fusarium nirenbergiae 022, acting alone or combined, on the growth of passion fruit plants cultivated in a growth chamber, in the assays 1 (dotted column) and 2 (brick-pattern column). F: parasitism by fungus only; N: parasitism by nematode only; F + N: parasitism by fungus and nematode; C: noninoculated control. Columns with different letters indicate significant difference between treatments according to the Tukey test at 5%. Values are mean of 10 replicates per treatment for each assay.

Figure 6

Effect of Meloidogyne javanica and Fusarium nirenbergiae 022, acting alone or combined, on the growth of passion fruit plants cultivated in a growth chamber, in the assays 1 (dotted column) and 2 (brick-pattern column). F: parasitism by fungus only; N: parasitism by nematode only; F + N: parasitism by fungus and nematode; C: noninoculated control. Columns with different letters indicate significant difference between treatments according to the Tukey test at 5%. Values are mean of 10 replicates per treatment for each assay.

Table S1

. P values obtained in the Shapiro–Wilk test at 5% for the effect of pathogens, acting alone or combined, on passion fruit plants cultivated in replicated growth chamber assays (1 and 2).

AssaysVariables and interactions
SMRSMPLSLRSV
Meloidogyne incognita -Neocosmopora sp. 311
10.210.340.080.076.53 × 10–9
20.370.170.630.520.005
M. incognita Neocosmopora sp. 511
10.410.310.070.15.61 × 10–6
20.690.260.740.073.74 × 10–12
M. incognita Fusarium nirenbergiae F022
10.270.460.20.717.74 × 10–6
20.760.520.810.245.21 × 10–6
Meloidogyne javanica -Neocosmopora sp. 311
10.980.110.330.550.0001
20.990.170.790.331.84 × 10–12
M. javanica- Neocosmopora sp. 511
10.080.510.310.40.02
20.140.920.570.644.26 × 10–8
M. javanica -F. nirenbergiae F022
10.090.860.060.390.046
20.630.40.630.381.84 × 10–12

[i] SM, shoot fresh mass; RSM, root system fresh mass; PL, plant length; SL, shoot length; RSV, root system volume.

Table S2

. P values obtained in the Shapiro–Wilk test at 5% for the VLT in the collar-stem region and LL caused by Neocosmospora sp. (311 or 511) or Fusarium nirenbergiae F022, and for the Pf and RF of Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica, in passion fruit plants cultivated in replicated growth chamber assays (1 and 2).

AssaysVariables and interactions
VLTLLPfRF
M. incognita-Neocosmopora sp. 311
10.120.280.080.08
20.070.161.74 × 10–51.74 × 10–5
M. incognita-Neocosmopora sp. 511
10.240.420.020.02
20.790.090.710.71
M. incognita-F. nirenbergiae F022
10.480.580.030.03
20.380.890.060.06
M. javanica-Neocosmopora sp. 311
10.360.590.0020.002
20.130.350.450.45
M. javanica-Neocosmopora sp. 511
10.150.140.020.02
20.370.180.810.81
M. javanica-F. nirenbergiae F022
10.950.000630.0040.004
20.120.00470.150.15

[i] LL, length of the lesion; RF, reproduction factor; VLT, volume of lesioned tissue; Pf, final population.

Table S3

Mean squares obtained in ANOVA for the effect of pathogens, acting alone or combined, on passion fruit plants cultivated in replicated growth chamber assays.

ParametersVariables and interactions
SMRSMPLSL
Meloidogyne incognita- Neocosmospora sp. 311
Assay1.53*0.25288.9**1.31
Treatment5.9**0.39**209.98**62.61**
Assay × treatment1.03**0.96**19.4918.22
Residual0.250.0919.889.78
CV%44.754.612.1317.19
M. incognita-Neocosmospora sp. 511
Assay0.0020.0233.610**
Treatment2.5**0.11*68.53**30.78**
Assay × treatment3.6**0.17**47.59*32.26**
Residual0.140.0412.366.22
CV%28.8942.239.4112.9
M. incognita-Fusarium nirenbergiae F022
Assay0.160.24**224.79**24.16
Treatment0.74*0.18**85.4*19.32
Assay × treatment0.86*0.09**54.0724.68
Residual0.240.0124.8310.19
CV%39.4535.1212.9116.62
Meloidogyne javanica- Neocosmospora sp. 311
Assay1.61*3.27**913.95**62.36*
Treatment5.27**0.5*100.27*20.24
Assay × treatment2.86**0.19122.88**5.83
Residual0.350.1829.0110.72
CV%39.1354.913.1115.29
M. javanica-Neocosmospora sp. 511
Assay0.222.21**377.41**5.84
Treatment1.32**0.74**72.12*33.86**
Assay × treatment0.110.28**66.3*27.16**
Residual0.220.0419.354.53
CV%28.3932.0910.809.93
M. javanica-F. nirenbergiae F022
Assay1.8**0.48**1207.61**13.28
Treatment0.98*0.0816.3512.57
Assay × treatment1.07**0.0885.72*21.38
Residual0.260.0527.599.59
CV%30.4541.8512.8215.79

[i] “**” and “*” indicate significant variance according to the F test at 1% and 5% significance, respectively.

SM, shoot fresh mass; RSM, root system fresh mass; PL, plant length; SL, shoot length.

Figure S1

(A) Aspect of passion fruit plants in growth chamber assay to investigate fungusnematode interactions; (B) width of collar lesion caused by Fusarium nirenbergiae F022; (C) length of collar lesions caused by F. nirenbergiae F022 (two stems on the left) and Neocosmospora sp.; (D) fungus re-isolation from lesioned tissues.

Figure S2

Range of symptoms observed in passion fruit plants in growth chamber assays to investigate the interactions Meloidogyne incognita-Neocosmospora sp. 311 (top row); M. incognita-Neocosmospora sp. 511 (middle row); and M. incognita-Fusarium nirenbergiae F022 (bottom row). (A) non-inoculated control; (B) parasitized by nematode only; (C) parasitized by fungus only; (D) co-parasitized by nematode and fungus.

Figure S3

Range of symptoms observed in passion fruit plants in growth chamber assays to investigate the interactions Meloidogyne javanica-Neocosmospora sp. 311 (top row); M. javanica-Neocosmospora sp. 511 (middle row); and M. javanica-Fusarium nirenbergiae F022 (bottom row). (A) non-inoculated control; (B) parasitized by nematode only; (C) parasitized by fungus only; (D) co-parasitized by nematode and fungus.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jofnem-2022-0023 | Journal eISSN: 2640-396X | Journal ISSN: 0022-300X
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Language: English
Submitted on: Jan 9, 2022
Published on: Jul 20, 2022
Published by: Society of Nematologists, Inc.
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year
Keywords:
disease complex,
Fusarium,
interaction,
Meloidogyne incognita,
Meloidogyne javanica,
Neocosmospora,
Passiflora edulis,
passion fruit,
root-knot nematodes,
soilborne fungi,
synergistic interaction
Related subjects:
Life sciences,
Life sciences, other

© 2022 Mariana Z. Mangeiro, Rafael A. Nunes, José O.L. Vieira, Vicente Mussi-Dias, Alexandre P. Viana, Ricardo M. Souza, published by Society of Nematologists, Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 54 (2022): Issue 1 (February 2022)
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