Figure 1
Figure 2
An ANOVA summary table_ Effects of hot water exposure time, caladium cultivar, and tuber size on caladium growth parameters_
| Factor | Fresh shoot weight† (g) | Dry shoot weight† (g) | Fresh root weight† (g) | Dry root weight† (g) | Plant height† (cm) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DF | F | P-value | DF | F | P-value | DF | F | P-value | DF | F | P-value | DF | F | P-value | |
| Exposure time | 2 | 19.62 | <0.01 | 2 | 8.03 | <0.01 | 2 | 18.46 | <0.01 | 2 | 6.07 | <0.01 | 2 | 0.58 | 0.56 |
| Cultivar | 1 | 9.75 | <0.01 | 1 | 29.47 | <0.01 | 1 | 0.03 | 0.87 | 1 | 5.37 | 0.02 | 1 | 389.94 | <0.01 |
| Tuber size | 2 | 275.65 | <0.01 | 2 | 181.33 | <0.01 | 2 | 13.83 | <0.01 | 2 | 32.07 | <0.01 | 2 | 12.28 | <0.01 |
| Exposure time × Cultivar | 2 | 1.86 | 0.16 | 2 | 0.94 | 0.39 | 2 | 6.08 | <0.01 | 2 | 6.98 | <0.01 | 2 | 6.50 | <0.01 |
| Exposure time x Tuber size | 4 | 0.87 | 0.49 | 4 | 0.49 | 0.75 | 4 | 0.87 | 0.48 | 4 | 0.47 | 0.76 | 4 | 1.16 | 0.33 |
| Cultivar × Tuber size | 2 | 4.63 | 0.01 | 2 | 4.57 | 0.01 | 2 | 2.12 | 0.12 | 2 | 3.34 | 0.04 | 2 | 1.06 | 0.35 |
| Exposure time x Cultivar × Tuber size | 4 | 1.73 | 0.15 | 4 | 1.83 | 0.13 | 4 | 0.88 | 0.48 | 4 | 0.56 | 0.69 | 4 | 1.21 | 0.31 |
Effects of factor combinations (hot water exposure time, caladium cultivar, and tuber size) on reproduction of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne arenaria) on caladium_
| Cultivar | Exposure time @ 50°C (min) | Tuber size | Gall index (0–10) | Eggs per fresh root system‡ | Eggs per gram fresh root‡ | Eggs per gram dry root‡ | Number of J2 per 200 cc soil‡ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PJR | 45 | #3 | 0.0 c† | 0 e | 0 c | 0 f | 23 b |
| #1 | 0.2 c | 30 de | 2 c | 37 ef | 23 b | ||
| Jumbo | 0.2 c | 30 de | 2 c | 37 def | 0 b | ||
| 30 | #3 | 0.0 c | 30 de | 3 c | 96 def | 0 b | |
| #1 | 0.0 c | 90 de | 6 c | 105 def | 0 b | ||
| Jumbo | 0.0 c | 270 de | 16 c | 351 def | 35 b | ||
| 0 | #3 | 4.2 b | 218,325 ab | 18,008 a | 526,917 a | 28,500 a | |
| #1 | 5.5 ab | 297,060 a | 15,950 a | 336,192 ab | 40,486 a | ||
| Jumbo | 7.5 a | 441,465 a | 24,584 a | 465,989 a | 18,169 a | ||
| SWT | 45 | #3 | 0.7 c | 47,265 de | 3,418 bc | 128,769 def | 1,563 b |
| #1 | 0.0 c | 0 e | 0 c | 0 f | 0 b | ||
| Jumbo | 0.0 c | 270 de | 13 c | 364 def | 0 b | ||
| 30 | #3 | 0.9 c | 78,855 cd | 6,418 bc | 201,141 cd | 2,218 b | |
| #1 | 0.7 c | 37,320 bc | 1,977 b | 53,004 bc | 3,838 b | ||
| Jumbo | 0.9 c | 75,840 cd | 2,725 bc | 49,099 cde | 7,010 b | ||
| 0 | #3 | 5.6 ab | 275,415 a | 22,800 a | 731,665 a | 11,940 a | |
| #1 | 5.0 b | 245,490 ab | 19,077 a | 497,953 ab | 15,698 a | ||
| Jumbo | 5.1 b | 343,875 a | 21,171 a | 517,797 a | 23,823 a |
Effects of factor combinations (hot water exposure time, caladium cultivar, and tuber size) on caladium growth parameters_
| Cultivar | Exposure time @ 50°C (min) | Tuber size | Fresh shoot weight (g) | Dry shoot weight (g) | Fresh root weight (g) | Dry root weight (g) | Plant height (cm) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PJR | 45 | #3 | 89.8 ghij† | 6.4 fghij | 15.5 bc | 0.59 abc | 34.4 b |
| #1 | 121.0 efg | 8.0 defg | 20.2 ab | 0.93 ab | 34.3 b | ||
| Jumbo | 184.2 ab | 11.7 ab | 20.9 ab | 0.90 ab | 36.3 ab | ||
| 30 | #3 | 74.7 ij | 5.4 hij | 13.85 bc | 0.5 bc | 33.8 b | |
| #1 | 131.0 def | 9.3 bcde | 14.8 bc | 0.75 abc | 36.0 ab | ||
| Jumbo | 197.1 a | 13.1 a | 17.1 abc | 0.85 ab | 39.8 a | ||
| 0 | #3 | 67.8 j | 5.1 ij | 13.1 bc | 0.52 bc | 34.2 b | |
| #1 | 106.5 fghi | 8.1 defg | 18.3 abc | 0.93 ab | 37.7 ab | ||
| Jumbo | 154.7 bcd | 11.3 abc | 15.3 bc | 0.88 ab | 37.4 ab | ||
| SWT | 45 | #3 | 84.0 hij | 5.2 ij | 15.6 bc | 0.50 bc | 27.5 c |
| #1 | 126.9 def | 7.9 efgh | 21.4 ab | 0.84 ab | 27.6 c | ||
| Jumbo | 169.3 abc | 10.5 bcd | 24.0 a | 1.02 a | 28.4 c | ||
| 30 | #3 | 80.7 hij | 5.7 ghij | 15.4 bc | 0.54 bc | 25.1 c | |
| #1 | 111.8 efgh | 7.6 efghi | 17.4 abc | 0.69 abc | 25.7 c | ||
| Jumbo | 155.2 bcd | 10.0 bcde | 20.8 ab | 1.00 a | 27.4 c | ||
| 0 | #3 | 67.9 j | 4.4 j | 10.1 c | 0.33 c | 23.9 c | |
| #1 | 99.3 fghij | 6.7 fghij | 10.0 c | 0.39 c | 24.3 c | ||
| Jumbo | 143.5 cde | 8.9 cdef | 15.5 bc | 0.69 abc | 27.3 c |
An ANOVA summary table_ Effects of hot water exposure time, caladium cultivar, and tuber size on tuber infection and reproduction of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne arenaria)_
| Factor | Gall indexa | Eggs per | Eggs per | Eggs per | Number of J2 | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (0–10) | fresh root systema | gram fresh roota | gram dry roota | per 200 cc soila | |||||||||||
| DF | F | P-value | DF | F | P-value | DF | F | P-value | DF | F | P-value | DF | F | P-value | |
| Exposure time | 2 | 247.12 | <0.01 | 2 | 242.76 | <0.01 | 2 | 304.14 | <0.01 | 2 | 260.12 | <0.01 | 2 | 274.5 | <0.01 |
| Cultivar | 1 | 0.43 | 0.51 | 1 | 11.07 | <0.01 | 1 | 13.10 | <0.01 | 1 | 13.67 | <0.01 | 1 | 4.20 | 0.04 |
| Tuber size | 2 | 1.35 | 0.26 | 2 | 0.27 | 0.77 | 2 | 0.06 | 0.94 | 2 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 2 | 0.21 | 0.81 |
| Exposure time × Cultivar | 2 | 3.07 | 0.05 | 2 | 8.81 | <0.01 | 2 | 6.83 | <0.01 | 2 | 7.99 | <0.01 | 2 | 5.61 | <0.01 |
| Exposure time x Tuber size | 4 | 1.87 | 0.12 | 4 | 1.33 | 0.26 | 4 | 1.02 | 0.40 | 4 | 1.37 | 0.25 | 4 | 1.33 | 0.26 |
| Cultivar × Tuber size | 2 | 4.33 | 0.01 | 2 | 0.59 | 0.55 | 2 | 0.58 | 0.56 | 2 | 0.67 | 0.52 | 2 | 0.13 | 0.88 |
| Exposure time x Cultivar × Tuber size | 4 | 2.30 | 0.06 | 4 | 0.71 | 0.59 | 4 | 0.46 | 0.76 | 4 | 0.66 | 0.62 | 4 | 0.32 | 0.86 |