Skip to main content
Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Monte Carlo study of noise-induced phase angle errors in low-frequency tetrapolar bioimpedance measurements Cover

Monte Carlo study of noise-induced phase angle errors in low-frequency tetrapolar bioimpedance measurements

Open Access
|Nov 2026
Read online

References

  1. Grimnes S and Martinsen ØG. Bioimpedance and Bioelectricity Basics. 3rd ed. Oxford: Academic Press, 2015
  2. Schwan HP. Electrode polarization impedance and measurements in biological materials. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1968; 148:191–209. DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1968.tb20349.x
  3. Grimnes S and Martinsen ØG. Sources of error in tetrapolar impedance measurements on biomaterials and other ionic conductors. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 2007; 40:9–14. DOI: 10.1088/0022-3727/40/1/S02
  4. Huigen E, Peper A, and Grimbergen CA. Investigation into the origin of the noise of surface electrodes. Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing 2002; 40:332–8. DOI: 10.1007/BF02344216
  5. Meade ML. Lock-in Amplifiers: Principles and Applications. London: Peter Peregrinus, 1983
  6. Scofield JH. Frequency-domain description of a lock-in amplifier. American Journal of Physics 1994; 62:129–33. DOI: 10.1119/1.17629
  7. Rice SO. Mathematical analysis of random noise. Bell System Technical Journal 1944; 23:282–332. DOI: 10.1002/j.1538-7305.1944.tb00874.x
Language: English
Page range: 178 - 182
Submitted on: Oct 1, 2026
Accepted on: Oct 29, 2026
Published on: Nov 4, 2026
Published by: University of Oslo
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

© 2026 Jie Hou, Sisay Mebre Abie, Ørjan G. Martinsen, published by University of Oslo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.