Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Long-term post traumatic growth after moral- and victim-traumas among Norwegian UN military peacekeepers: the impact of emotional distress and leadership Cover

Long-term post traumatic growth after moral- and victim-traumas among Norwegian UN military peacekeepers: the impact of emotional distress and leadership

Open Access
|Mar 2024

References

  1. Aasland, M. S., Skogstad, A., Notelaers, G., Nielsen, M. B., & Einarsen, S. (2010). The prevalence of destructive leadership behaviour. British Journal of Management, 21(2), pp. 438-452.
  2. Aquino, K., & Reed, A. (2002). The self-importance of moral identity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, pp. 1423-1440.
  3. Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1990). Manual: The Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto.
  4. Bass, B. M., & Bass, R. (2009). The Bass Handbook of Leadership: Theory, Research, and Managerial Applications. Simon and Schuster, New York.
  5. Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Finkenauer, C., & Vohs, K. D. (2001). Bad is stronger than good. Review of General Psychology, 5, pp. 323-370.
  6. Buch, R., Martinsen, Ø. L., & Kuvaas, B. (2015). The destructiveness of laissez-faire leadership behavior: The mediating role of economic leader–member exchange relationships. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 22(1), pp. 115-124.
  7. Calhoun, L. G., & Tedeschi, R. G. (2013). Posttraumatic Growth in Clinical Practice. Routledge, New York.
  8. Calhoun, L. G., Cann, A., Tedeschi, R. G., & McMillan, J. (2000). A correlational test of the relationship between posttraumatic growth, religion, and cognitive processing. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 13(3), pp. 521-527.
  9. Cann, A., Calhoun, L. G., Tedeschi, R. G., Taku, K., Vishnevsky, T., Triplett, K. N., & Danhauer, S. C. (2010). A short form of the posttraumatic growth inventory. Anxiety Stress Coping, 23, pp. 127-137. doi: 10.1080/10615800903094273.
  10. Edwards, J. R., & Lambert, L. S. (2007). Methods for integrating moderation and mediation: A general analytical framework using moderated path analysis. Psychological Methods, 12, pp. 1-22. doi: 10.1037/1082-989X.12.1.1.
  11. Folger, R., Cropanzano, R., & Goldman, B. (2005). What is the relationship between justice and morality? In: Greenberg, J., & Colquitt, J.A. (eds.), Handbook of Organizational Justice. Lawrence Erlbaum Ass., Mahwah, NJ.
  12. Fosse, T. H., Skogstad, A., Einarsen, S. V., & Martinussen, M. (2019). Active and passive forms of destructive leadership in a military context: A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 28(5), pp. 708-722. doi: 10.1080/1359432X.2019.1634550.
  13. Graen, G. B., & Uhl-Bien, M. (1995). Relationship-based approach to leadership: Development of leader–member exchange (LMX) theory of leadership over 25 years: Applying a multi-level multi-domain perspective. The Leadership Quarterly, 6, pp. 219-247.
  14. Greenberg, N., Thomas, S. L., Iversen, A., Unwin, C., Hull, L., & Wessely, S. (2003). Do military peacekeepers want to talk about their experiences? Perceived psychological support of UK military peacekeepers on return from deployment. Journal of Mental Health, 12(6), pp. 565-573.
  15. Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology, 2(3), pp. 271-299.
  16. Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach. The Guilford Press, New York.
  17. Hayes, A. F. (2015). An index and test of linear moderated mediation. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 50, pp. 1-22. doi: 10.1080/00273171.2014.962683.
  18. Hayes, A. F., & Scharkow, M. (2013). The relative trustworthiness of inferential tests of the indirect effect in statistical mediation analysis: Does method really matter? Psychological Science, 24, pp. 1918-1927. doi: 10.1177/0956797613480187.
  19. Jacobson, I. G., Adler, A. B., Roenfeldt, K. A., Porter, B., LeardMann, C. A., Rull, R. P., & Hoge, C. W. (2021). Combat experience, new-onset mental health conditions, and posttraumatic growth in U.S. service members. Psychiatry, 84(3), pp. 276-290. doi: 10.1080/00332747.2021.1929770.
  20. Johnson, S. F., & Boals, A. (2015). Refining our ability to measure posttraumatic growth. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 7(5), pp. 422-429. doi: 10.1037/tra0000013.
  21. Kernis, M. H. (2003). Toward a conceptualization of optimal self-esteem. Psychological Inquiry, 14, pp. 1-26. doi: 10.1207/S15327965PLI1401_01.
  22. Kolokotroni, P., Anagnostopoulos, F., & Tsikkinis, A. (2014). Psychosocial factors related to posttraumatic growth in breast cancer survivors: A review. Women Health, 54(6), pp. 569-592.
  23. Litz, B. T., Stein, N., Delaney, E., Lebowitz, L., Nash, W. P., Silva, C., & Maguen, S. (2009). Moral injury and moral repair in war veterans: A preliminary model and intervention strategy. Clinical Psychology Review, 29, pp. 695-706.
  24. Lowe, S. R., Manove, E. E., & Rhodes, J. E. (2013). Posttraumatic stress and posttraumatic growth among low-income mothers who survived Hurricane Katrina. Journal of Consulting Clinical Psychology, 81(5), pp. 877-889.
  25. Maitlis, S. (2020). Posttraumatic growth at work. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 7, pp. 395-419.
  26. Mark, K. M., Stevelink, S. A. M., Choi, J., & Fear, N. T. (2018). Post-traumatic growth in the military: A systematic review. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 75(12), pp. 904-915. doi: 10.1136/oemed-2018-105166.
  27. May, D. R., Chan, A. Y. L., Hodges, T. D., & Avolio, B. J. (2003). Developing the moral component of authentic leadership. Organizational Dynamics, 32, pp. 247-260.
  28. Morgan, J. K., & Desmarais, S. L. (2017). Associations between time since event and posttraumatic growth among military veterans. Military Psychology, 29, pp. 456-463. doi: 10.1037/mil0000170.
  29. Olsen, O. K., Eid, J., & Johnsen, B. H. (2006). Moral behavior and transformational leadership in Norwegian naval cadets. Journal of Military Psychology, 18, pp. 37-56.
  30. Olsen, O. K., & Espevik, R. (2017). Moral antecedents of authentic leadership: Do moral justice reasoning, self-importance of moral identity and psychological hardiness stimulate authentic leadership? Cogent Psychology, 4(1), p. 1382248.
  31. Park, C. L., & Sinnott, S. M. (2018). Testing the validity of self-reported posttraumatic growth in young adult cancer survivors. Behavioral Science (Basel), 8(12), p. 116. doi: 10.3390/bs8120116.
  32. Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), p. 879.
  33. Rozin, P., Markwith, M., & Stoess, C. (1997). Moralization and becoming a vegetarian: The transformation of preferences into values and the recruitment of disgust. Psychological Science, 8, pp. 67-73.
  34. Sattler, D. N., Boyd, B., & Kirsch, J. (2014). Trauma-exposed firefighters: Relationships among posttraumatic growth, posttraumatic stress, resource availability, coping and critical incident stress debriefing experience: Posttraumatic growth. Stress Health, 30(5), pp. 356-365.
  35. Schroevers, M. J., Helgeson, V. S., Sanderman, R., & Ranchor, A. V. (2010). Type of social support matters for prediction of posttraumatic growth among cancer survivors. Psycho-Oncology, 19(1), pp. 46-53.
  36. Shakespeare-Finch, J., & Armstrong, D. (2010). Trauma type and posttrauma outcomes: Differences between survivors of motor vehicle accidents, sexual assault, and bereavement. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 15(2), pp. 69-82.
  37. Skogstad, A., Einarsen, S., Torsheim, T., Aasland, M. S., Hetland, H., & Tetrick, L. E. (2007). The destructiveness of laissez-faire leadership behavior. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 12(1), pp. 80-92. doi: 10.1037/1076-8998.12.1.80.
  38. StataCorp. (2021). Stata Statistical Software: Release 17. StataCorp LLC.
  39. Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (2004). Target article: “Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual foundations and empirical evidence”. Psychological Inquiry, 15(1), pp. 1-18.
  40. Tedeschi, R. G., & McNally, R. J. (2011). Can we facilitate posttraumatic growth in combat veterans? American Psychologist, 66(1), pp. 19-24.
  41. Tedeschi, R. G., Shakespeare-Finch, J., Taku, K., & Calhoun, L. G. (2018). Posttraumatic Growth: Theory, Research, and Applications. Routledge, New York.
  42. Van der Kolk, B. (2014). The Body Keeps the Score: Brain, Mind, and Body in the Healing of Trauma. Viking, New York.
  43. Walumbwa, F. O., Avolio, B. J., Gardner, W. L., Wernsing, T. S., & Peterson, S. J. (2008). Authentic leadership: Development and validation of a theory-based measure. Journal of Management, 34, pp. 89-126. doi: 10.1177/0149206307308913.
  44. World Health Organization (2022). Management of substance abuse. Process of translation and adaptation of instruments. [cited 2022 April, 10], Available at www.who.int/substance_ abuse/research_tools/translation/en/.
  45. Zoellner, T., & Maercker, A. (2006). Posttraumatic growth in clinical psychology – a critical review and introduction of a two component model. Clinical Psychology Review, 26(5), pp. 626-653. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2006.01.008.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jms-2023-0003 | Journal eISSN: 1799-3350 | Journal ISSN: 2242-3524
Language: English
Page range: 40 - 50
Submitted on: Aug 15, 2022
Accepted on: Sep 7, 2023
Published on: Mar 11, 2024
Published by: National Defense University
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

© 2024 Olav Kjellevold Olsen, Sigurd William Hystad, Hans Jakob Bøe, Eidhamar Are, published by National Defense University
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.