Morphometric and Genetic Characterization of Honey Bees (Apis mellifera L.) From Thrace Region of Turkey

Tekirdağ	Kırklareli	Edirne	Çanakkale	Gökçeada
LH^***	0.238±0.004^c	0.228± 0.003^c	0.231±0.002^c	0.270±0.003^b	0.283±0.004^a	0.247±0.003
WTa^***	1.117±0.022^b	1.100±0.015^bc	1.051±0.010^c	1.127±0.227^b	1.186±0.015^a	1.109±0.009
WTb^*	0.300±0.012^ab	0.316±0.011^ab	0.305±0.011^ab	0.336±0.012^a	0.296±0.013^b	0.311±0.006
LPr^**	6.247±0.077^b	6.316±0.072^ab	6.319±0.023^ab	6.511±0.068^a	6.422±0.108^ab	6.351±0.030
LFNS	2.621±0.016	2.637±0.011	2.622±0.008	2.631±0.020	2.663±0.016	2.633±0.006
LT^*	3.144±0.019^ab	3.145±0.016^ab	3.116±0.011^b	3.145±0.023^ab	3.178±0.016^a	3.143±0.008
LM^*	2.044±0.013^b	2.092±0.013^a	2.078±0.009^ab	2.073±0.013^ab	2.092±0.013^a	2.074±0.006
WM^*	1.168±0.008^ab	1.162±0.009^b	1.190±0.006^a	1.169±0.009^ab	1.155±0.008^b	1.170±0.004
WT3^***	1.896±0.007^b	1.869±0.008^b	1.877±0.007^b	1.961±0.013^a	1.984±0.015^a	1.910±0.006
WT4^***	1.846±0.007^c	1.806±0.008^d	1.822±0.007^cd	1.920±0.012^b	1.953±0.014^a	1.859±0.006
WS3^*	2.811±0.012^b	2.804±0.014^b	2.792±0.009^b	2.912±0.076^a	2.823±0.013^ab	2.825±0.015
LWM^***	1.481±0.020^b	1.421±0.009^bc	1.404±0.006^c	1.664±0.043^a	1.639±0.009^a	1.505±0.014
WWMNS	2.346±0.012	2.361±0.013	2.342±0.011	2.396±0.057	2.342±0.013	2.357±0.012
DWM^***	0.315±0.005^b	0.325±0.005^b	0.317±0.005^b	0.349±0.011^a	0.352±0.006^a	0.329±0.003
LS6U^*	2.606±0.012^b	2.633±0.014^ab	2.640±0.010^ab	2.642±0.031^ab	2.679±0.017^a	2.637±0.008
WS6^*	3.119±0.018^b	3.137±0.018^b	3.128±0.015^b	3.161±0.041^ab	3.215±0.016^a	3.146±0.011
LFW^***	8.333±0.022^b	8.343±0.036^b	8.362±0.018^b	8.546±0.016^a	8.486±0.028^a	8.402±0.014
WFW^**	2.856±0.009^b	2.866±0.015^ab	2.878±0.008^ab	2.902±0.008^ab	2.893±0.019^a	2.877±0.006
LCa^**	0.491±0.004^ab	0.504±0.005^a	0.502±0.004^a	0.488±0.005^ab	0.484±0.005^b	0.495±0.002
LCb^***	0.218±0.003^ab	0.212±0.006^bc	0.201±0.002^c	0.230±0.003^a	0.226±0.003^a	0.216±0.002
CT2^***	6.981±0.105^a	6.788±0.105^ab	6.597±0.103^b	5.994±0.153^c	6.615±0.125^b	6.621±0.060
CT3^**	6.763±0.111^a	6.403±0.092^b	6.389±0.078^b	6.099±0.207^b	6.787±0.108^a	6.479±0.059
CT4^***	4.200±0.069^a	4.365±0.056^a	4.372±0.064^a	3.580±0.103^c	3.831±0.108^b	4.113±0.045
CSc^**	0.853±0.147^a	0.451±0.078^bc	0.325±0.059^c	0.863±0.109^a	0.666±0.135^ab	0.618±0.052

[i] Length of hairs (LH), Width tomentums a (WTa), Width tomentum b (WTb), Length of proboscis (LPr), Length of femur (LF), Length of tibia (LT), Length of metatarsus (LM), Width of metatarsus (WM), , Width of tergite 3 (WT3), Width of tergite 4 (WT4), Width of sternit 3 (WS3), Length of wax mirror, (LWM), Width of wax mirror (WWM), D. Between mirrors (DWM), Length of sternum 6 (LS6), Width of sternum 6 (WS6), Length of forewing (LFW), Width of forewing (WFW), Length of cubital a (LCa), Length of cubital b (LCb), Colour of tergit 2 (CT₂), colour of tergit 3 (CT₃), Colour of tergit 4 (CT₄), Colour of scutelum (CSc)

[ii] ^NS, *, **, *** non significant and significant at 0.05, 0.01, and 0.001 respectively.

Table 2

The mean and standard errors of some calculated and direct measured morphological characters of the Thrace, Çanakkale and Gökçeada regions worker bee samples

Tekirdağ	Kırklareli	Edirne	Çanakkale	Gökçeada
TI^*	4.284±0.232^ab	3.887±0.148^b	3.809±0.165^b	3.952±0.234^b	4.683±0.231^a	4.080±0.093
LHL^NS	7.809±0.045	7.871±0.033	7.816±0.027	7.833±0.054	7.934±0.043	7.846±0.018
CI^***	2.302±0.043^b	2.471±0.044^a	2.552±0.051^a	2.153±0.044^b	2.188±0.048^b	2.365±0.025
T₃+T₄^***	3.737±0.015^c	3.675±0.017^d	3.695±0.014^cd	3.868±0.031^b	3.937±0.026^a	3.765±0.013
MI^***	57.206±0.387^a	55.716±0.331^bc	57.394±0.317^a	56.471±0.496^ab	55.236±0.194^c	56.508±0.180
S₆I^NS	83.398±0.490	84.056±0.296	84.581±0.327	83.681±0.499	83.452±0.301	83.875±0.182
A₄^***	32.109±0.206^bc	30.970±0.242^d	31.769±0.249^c	32.532±0.193^ab	32.866±0.320^a	31.953±0.122
B₄^***	104.037±0.543^ab	105.727±0.598^a	103.399±0.660^bc	101.882±0.517^cd	101.027±0.802^d	103.474±0.312
D₇^***	100.857±0.344^a	99.495±0.377^b	99.413±0.355^b	101,121±0.376^a	102.036±0.527^a	100.432±0.193
E₉^***	20.392±0.153^bc	21.013±0.153^a	20.693±0.252^ab	19.855±0.134^c	19.158±0.294^d	20.336±0.105
G₁₂^**	88.837±0.430^bc	88.360±0.348^bc	87.933±0.348^c	90.190±0.331^a	89.480±0.436^ab	88.857±0.184
J₁₀^**	52.605±0.398^b	53.989±0.358^a	54.274±0.443^a	53.876±0.499^a	52.536±0.520^b	53.521±0.206
J₁₆^***	90.103±0.385^bc	91.953±0.357^a	90.859±0.401^ab	91.927±0.405^a	89.436±0.434^c	90.936±0.196
K₁₉^NS	74.372±0.367	75.440±0.416	75.356±0.291	75.615±0.428	74.662±0.499	75.104±0.179
L₁₃^***	16.145±0.119^b	15.556±0.143^cd	15.390±0.112^d	17.759±0.290^a	15.989±0.273^bc	16.112±0.112
N₂₃^***	88.683±0.402^cd	91.161±0.263^b	89.854±0.405^bc	92.905±1.066^a	88.180±0.408^d	90.212±0.288
O₂₆^*	34.496±0.420^b	35.195±0.456^ab	34.147±0.444^b	34.537±0.602^b	36.538±0.807^a	34.862±0.239

[i] Tomentum Index (TI), Length of Hind Leg (LHL), Cubital Index (CI), Body size (T3+T4), Metatarsal Index (MI), Sternum 6 Index (S6I), Veinal angles A₄, B₄, D₇, E₉, G₁₂; J₁₀, J₁₆, K₁₉, L₁₃, N₂₃, O₂₆

[ii] ^NS, *, **, *** non significant and significant at 0.05, 0.01, and 0.001 respectively.

Discriminant Analysis of honey bee (*Apis mellifera*) samples from different genotypes (Tekirdağ, Edirne, Kırklareli, Çanakkale and Gökçeada Island). Horizontal axis: canonical function 1; vertical axis: canonical function 2.

Table 3

Grouping levels of 110 worker bee samples collected from bee genotypes in five different areas and the number and ratios of the genotype groups each sample represents

Edirne	Çanakkale	Gökçeada
		Tekirdağ	23	2				25
		Kırklareli		23	2			25
	Number	Edirne		2	23			25
		Çanakkale				20		20
Orijinal Groups		Gökçeada					15	15
		Tekirdağ	92.0	8.0				100.0
		Kırklareli		92.0	8.0			100.0
	%	Edirne		8.0	92.0			100.0
		Çanakkale				100.0		100.0
		Gökçeada					100.0	100.0

Table 4

The polymorphic sites of the intergenic tRNA^leu-cox2 region of the previous C2 haplotypes and the haplotypes that are found in this study, NCBI GenBank accession umbers and the citing references are given. The mtDNA fragment corresponds to the positions 3363–3935 bp published by Crozier & Crozier (1993).

Haplotypes	bp	3406	3410^*	3424^*	3425^*	34281	3442	3449	3474	3488^*	3512^*	3514	3535	3536^*	3567	3569	3573^*	3575	3576^*	3588	3589	3605	3634	3664^*	3670	3735	3769	3771	References
JQ977700_C2c (A. m. carnica)	572	T	A	A	T	-	T	T	T	A	T	T	A	A	A	A	A	-	C	G	-	.	T	T	T	T	C	C	Suśnik et al., 2004; Muñoz et al., 2009, 2012
JQ977701 / FJ824585_C2d (A.m.carnica / A.m.macedonica)	572/526.	.	.	.	-	.	.	-	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	-	.	.	-	.	C	.	.	.	T	.	Suśnik et al., 2004; Muñoz et al., 2009, 2012
JQ977702_C2e (A. m. carnica)	571	.	.	.	.	-	.	.	-	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	-	.	.	-	.	C	.	.	.	T	.	Kozmus et al., 2007; Muñoz et al., 2009
FJ357806_C2f (A. m. meda)	571	.	.	.	.	-	-	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	-	.	.	-	.	C	.	.	.	T	.	Özdil et al., 2009
FJ357807_C2g (A. m. meda)	571	.	.	.	.	-	-	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	T	.	.	-	.	.	-	.	C	.	.	.	T	.	Özdil et al., 2009
FJ357808_C2h (A. m. caucasica)	514	.	.	.	.	-	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	T	.	.	-	.	.	-	.	C	.	.	.	T	T	Özdil et al., 2009
FJ447491_C2i (A. m. carnica)	517	.	.	.	.	-	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	-	.	A	-	.	C	.	.	.	T	.	Nedić et al., 2009
JF723978_C2j (A. m. carnica)	572	.	.	.	.	-	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	T	.	.	-	.	.	-	.	C	.	.	.	T	.	Nedić et al., 2009; Coroian et al., 2014
GQ433624_C2k (A. m. carnica)	401	.	.	.	.	-	.	.	-	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	-	.	A	-	.	C	.	.	.	T	.	Razpet at al., 2009 unpublished
GQ433625_C2l (A. m. carnica)	401	.	.	.	.	-	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	-	.	-	.	.	-	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	Razpet at al., 2009 unpublished
GQ433626_C2m (A. m. carnica)	402	C	.	.	.	-	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	-	.	.	-	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	Razpet at al., 2009 unpublished
GQ433627_C2n (A. m. carnica)	402	.	.	.	.	-	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	-	.	.	-	.	.	.	C	.	.	.	Razpet at al., 2009 unpublished
JQ977704_C2o (A. m. carnica)	571	.	.	.	.	-	.	.	-	.	.	A	.	.	.	.	.	-	.	.	-	.	C	.	.	.	T	.	Muñoz et al., 2012
JQ977705_C2p (A. m. carnica)	571	.	.	.	.	-	.	C	-	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	-	.	.	-	.	C	.	.	.	T	.	Muñoz et al. 2012; Coroian et al. 2014
HM117905_C2q (A. m. carnica)	549	.	.	.	.	-	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	-	.	.	-	.	C	.	.	.	T	.	Muñoz 2013/Coroian et al. 2014
HM117906_C2r (A. m. carnica)	546	.	.	.	.	-	.	.	.	.	.	.	T	.	.	.	.	-	.	.	-	.	C	.	.	.	T	.	Coroian et al. 2014
JF723979_C2s	572	.	.	.	.	-	.	.	.	.	.	A	.	.	.	.	.	-	.	.	-	.	C	.	.	.	T	.	Muñoz 2013
JQ973663_C2t	572	.	.	.	.	-	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	T	.	.	-	.	.	-	.	C	.	.	A	T	.	Muñoz 2013
JQ973664_C2v	572	.	.	.	.	-	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	-	.	.	-	.	.	.	.	.	T	.	Muñoz 2013
JQ754649 C2x	573	.	.	.	.	-	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	A	.	A	-	.	C	.	.	.	T	.	Muñoz 2013/Coroian et al. 2014
JQ754650_C2y	571	.	.	.	.	-	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	-	.	.	-	-	.	.	.	.	.	.	Muñoz 2013; Coroian et al. 2014
JQ754648_C2z	572	.	.	.	.	-	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	-	.	.	-	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	Muñoz 2013/; Coroian et al. 2014
MH939332_C2d	572	.	.	.	.	-	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	-	.	.	-	.	C	.	.	.	T	.
MH939333_C2d1	571	.	.	.	.	-	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	-	.	.	.	-	.	.	-	.	C	.	.	.	T	.
MH939334_C2s	572	.	.	.	.	-	.	.	.	.	.	A	.	.	.	.	.	-	.	.	-	.	C	.	.	.	T	.
MH939335_C2v	572	.	.	.	.	-	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	-	.	.	-	.	.	.	.	.	T	.
MH939336_C2v1	572	.	.	.	.	-	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	-	.	A	-	.	.	.	.	.	T	.
MH939337_C2v2	572	.	.	.	.	-	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	-	T	.	-	.	.	.	.	.	T	.
MH939338_C2d2	572	.	.	.	.	-	.	.	.	.	C	.	.	.	.	.	.	-	.	.	-	.	C	.	.	.	T	.
MH939339_C2i	572	.	.	.	.	-	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	-	.	A	-	.	C	.	.	.	T	.
MH939340_C2i2	572	.	T	.	.	-	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	-	.	.	-	.	C	.	.	.	T	.
MH939341_C2i3	571	.	T	-	.	-	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	-	.	.	-	.	C	.	.	.	T	.
MH939342_C2s1	572	.	T	.	.	-	.	.	.	.	.	A	.	.	.	.	.	-	.	.	-	.	C	.	.	.	T	.
MH939343_C2c1	572	.	T	.	.	-	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	-	.	.	-	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
MH939344_C2i1	572	.	T	.	.	-	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	-	.	A	-	.	C	.	.	.	T	.
MH939345_C2j	572	.	.	.	.	-	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	T	.	.	-	.	.	-	.	C	.	.	.	T	.
MH939346_C2h	572	.	.	.	.	-	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	T	.	.	-	.	.	-	.	C	.	.	.	T	T
MH939347_C2d3	572	.	.	.	C	-	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	-	.	.	-	.	C	.	.	.	T	.
MH939348_C2d4	572	.	.	.	.	-	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	T	-	.	.	-	.	C	.	.	.	T	.
MH939349_C2h1	572	.	.	.	.	-	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	-	.	.	-	.	C	.	.	.	T	T
MH939350_C2h2	573	.	.	.	.	-	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	-	.	.	G	.	C	.	.	.	T	T
MH939351_C2h3	571	.	.	.	.	-	.	.	.	-	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	-	.	.	-	.	C	.	.	.	T	T
MH939352_C2s2	572	.	.	.	.	-	.	.	.	.	.	A	.	.	.	.	.	-	.	.	-	.	C	C	.	.	T	.
MH939353_C2s3	571	.	.	.	.	-	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	-	.	.	.	-	.	.	-	.	C	C	.	.	T	.

* The positions that are indicated with asterics are novel polymorphisms, character “-” shows deletions found.

Table 5

Number of analyzed colonies (n), haplotype distributions in the honey bee colonies from Thrace and the reference populations

Location	n	C2d	C2d1	C2s	C2v	C2v1	C2v2	C2d2	C2i	C2i1	C2i2	C2i3	C2s1	C2c1	C2j	C2h	C2d3	C2d4	C2h1	C2h2	C2h3	C2s2	C2s3
Tekirdağ	50	39		2	5	1	2	1
Kırklareli	67	16		1	8	2		1	2	3	22	6	2	3	1
Edirne	49	33	1	2	5				4							2	2
Çanakkale	31	6	8	3											5			2	2	2	3
Gökçeada	20	10	1	4															1			1	3
	217	104	10	12	18	3	2	2	6	3	22	6	2	3	6	2	2	3	2	2	3	1	3
A. m. carnica	2				2
A. m. macedonica	2	2
A. m. caucasica	2															2

Neighbor-joining tree based on intergenic tRNAleu-cox2 region sequences performed on nucleotide distances computed by Kimura’s (1980) formula through MEGA6 (Tamura et al., 2013).
▪Indicates novel haplotypes that were found in this study.

A NeighborNet Network constructed from SplitsTree4 (version 4.1)
**Novel haplotypes found in this study are written in blue.

References

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jas-2022-0005 | Journal eISSN: 2299-4831 | Journal ISSN: 1643-4439 (formerly 2299-4831)

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Language: English

Page range: 67 - 83

Submitted on: Sep 22, 2021

Accepted on: Mar 24, 2022

Published on: Jun 22, 2022

Published by: The National Institute of Horticultural Research and Apicultural Research Association

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

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© 2022 Fulya Özdil, Devrim Oskay, Raziye Işık, Selen Yatkın, Abdurrahman Aydın, Ahmet Güler, published by The National Institute of Horticultural Research and Apicultural Research Association
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 66 (2022): Issue 1 (June 2022)

Morphometric and Genetic Characterization of Honey Bees (Apis mellifera L.) From Thrace Region of Turkey

Figures & Tables

Fig. 1

Table 1

Table 2

Fig. 2

Table 3

Table 4

Table 5

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

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