Optimization of Extraction Parameters of Ethanol Extracts of Propolis Samples Using Artificial Neural Network and Moth-Flame Optimization Algorithm

Figures & Tables

Assay	Ethanol content (%)	Extraction time (h)	Estimated value	Unit
TPC	57.50	13.96	91.19	mg GAE/g
FRAP	72.03	18.04	673.05	μmol FeSO₄7H₂O/g

Parameters	Value
Number of search agents	20
Maximum number of iterations	30
Run Number	100

Objective	Ethanol content (%)	Extraction time (h)	TPC (mg GAE/g)	FRAP (μmol FeSO₄7H₂O/g)
Max. TPCMax. FRAP	70.03	16.93	83.35	667.26

Experiment number	Ethanol content (%)	Extraction time (h)	TPC (mg GAE/g)	FRAP (μmol FeSO₄·7H₂O/g)
1	40	8	27.56±1.82^a	239.85±6.83^a
2	40	10	32.69±0.87^b	239.76±3.82^a
3	40	12	24.19±0.68^a	233.80±0.65^a
4	40	16	24.85±0.90^a	227.25±2.33^a
5	40	20	34.39±0.82^b	277.01±1.21^b
6	40	24	47.20±0.24^c	311.79±2.83^c
7	50	8	61.64±0.82^def	353.72±0.00^d
8	50	10	57.83±0.45^d	306.93±0.72^c
9	50	12	64.51±2.50^fgh	359.25±3.75^d
10	50	16	59.33±0.19^de	350.92±0.68^d
11	50	20	66.42±0.72^ghi	346.92±3.30^d
12	50	24	68.32±1.42^hij	430.37±38.90^e
13	60	8	83.95±3.61^no	646.89±10.04^no
14	60	10	62.53±3.87^efg	462.13±5.16^f
15	60	12	85.35±0.90^o	578.34±1.92^jk
16	60	16	70.07±1.60^ij	587.76±3.89^kl
17	60	20	81.14±0.09^no	512.79±9.11^gh
18	60	24	74.95±0.69^kl	568.41±2.03^j
19	70	8	82.06±4.46^no	657.25±2.44^o
20	70	10	64.04±4.32^fgh	527.87±17.85^hi
21	70	12	59.28±1.28^de	501.61±3.76^g
22	70	16	85.31±3.33^o	632.80±1.34^mn
23	70	20	75.49±3.02^kl	587.75±7.73^kl
24	70	24	76.44±1.73^lm	597.94±5.31^l
25	80	8	80.01±2.09^mn	617.95±0.00^m
26	80	10	64.34±0.18^fgh	618.87±13.44^m
27	80	12	71.56±0.47^jk	495.96±11.87^g
28	80	16	64.45±3.01^fgh	591.99±11.57^kl
29	80	20	64.28±6.16^fgh	543.13±9.23ⁱ
30	80	24	85.25±2.24^o	623.19±14.57^m

Previous study	Input variables	Output variables	Optimization method
Yingjuan et al. (2007)	Ethanol concentrationExtracting timeExtracting powerRatio of liquid to propolis	Flavones	Response Surface Methodology (RSM)
Wang et al. (2009)	Ethanol concentrationRatio of liquidThe holding time of pressurePressure to propolis	Flavones	RSM
Kim et al. (2009)	Ethanol concentrationExtraction time	Total polyphenol content (TPC)Total flavonoid content (TFC)	RSM
Li et al. (2012)	Microwave treatment timeMicrowave powerEthanol concentrationTemperatureTimeSolvent-to-solid	Total flavonoid yield	RSM
Yuan et al. (2013)	Ratio of lipid to drugRatio of soybean phospholipid to cholesterolSpeed of injection	Propolis flavonoids liposome (PFL)	RSM
Zhao et al. (2012)	Extraction timeEthanol concentrationSolid-liquid ratioDistilling frequencyDistilling temperature	Extraction ratio TFC	RSM
Oldoni et al. (2015)	Ethanol ratioTemperature Time	TPCDPPH	2³ factorial design
Nichitoi et al. (2019)	Particle sizeSolvent type (ethanolic aqueous)Extraction duration	TPCTFCAntioxidant capacity	Partial Least Squares Regression
Our study	Ethanol contentExtraction time	TPC (Single objective)FRAP activities (Single objective)TPC and FRAP (Multi-objective)	ANN and MFO

Studied assay	Performance of model	Training	Validation	Test	All
TPC	MAPE	4.51	4.48	8.19	5.12
	MSE	17.02	6.46	51.67	21.74
	R²	0.97	0.99	0.96	0.96
FRAP activity	MAPE	1.41	0.69	9.23	2.45
	MSE	81.91	12.73	3929.23	624.12
	R²	0.99	0.99	0.96	0.98