Fig. 1

Honey bee sampling schedule and description from February 2018 to March 2019 in Nova Scotia colonies
| Date | Description |
|---|---|
| 28 February 2018 | First sample collection |
| 27 March 2018 | Regular monthly sample collection |
| 23 April 2018 | Pre spring treatment |
| 24 & 25 April 2018 | Spring treatment and feeding (no samples collected) |
| 27 April 2018 | 2–3 days post spring treatment |
| 01 May 2018 | 5–6 days post spring treatment |
| 07 May 2018 | 12–13 days post spring treatment |
| 10 May 2018 | 15–16 days post spring treatment |
| 29 May 2018 | 34–35 days post spring treatment/Regular monthly sample collection |
| 26 June 2018 | Regular monthly sample collection |
| 26 July 2018 | Regular monthly sample collection |
| 29 August 2018 | Regular monthly sample collection |
| 03 October 2018 | Pre fall treatment |
| 05 & 06 October 2018 | Fall treatment and feeding (no samples collected) |
| 10 October 2018 | 4–5 days post fall treatment |
| 16 October 2018 | 10–11 days post fall treatment |
| 19 October 2018 | 13–14 days post fall treatment |
| 29 October 2018 | 23–24 days post fall treatment |
| 14 March 2019 | Final sample collection |
List of primers used to identify Nosema species
| Target | Primer | Sequence (5′–3′) | Amplicon size (bp) |
|---|---|---|---|
| RPS5 | RPS5-F | AATTATTTGGTCGCTGGAATTG | 105 |
| RPS5-R | TAACGTCCAGCAGAATGTGGTA | ||
| RNA polymerase | Ncpol-F | TGG GTT CCC TAA ACC TGG TGG TTT | 662 |
| Ncpol-R | TCA CAT GAC CTG GTG CTC CTT CT | 297 | |
| Napol-F | AGC AAG AGA CGT TTC TGG TAC CTC A | ||
| Napol-R | CCT TCA CGA CCA CCC ATG GCA |