Quality Attributes of Local and Imported Honeys Commercialized in Algeria

Dahmani, Kheira; Houdeib, Jinane B.; Zouambi, Amina; Bendeddouche, Badis; Fernández-Muiño, Miguel; Osés, Sandra M.; Teresa Sancho, M.

doi:10.2478/jas-2020-0019

Figures & Tables

Principal component analysis of electrical conductivity, moisture, degrees Brix, free acid, proline, diastase, acid phosphatase, total carotenoid and TPC (honey extract) in Algerian honeys labeled as spurge (A-S), jujube (A-J) and multifloral (A-M), as well as in imported (I) honeys.

Unacceptable percentage of Algerian (n= 15) and imported (n= 14) honey samples according to international regulations_ A-S: Algerian spurge-labeled honeys_ A-J: Algerian jujube-labeled honeys_

	REGULATION	Unacceptable percentage of samples

PARAMETER	Codex (2001), OJEC (2002)	A-S (n= 5)	A-J (n= 5)	A-M (n= 5)	Algerian honeys (n= 15)	Imported honeys (n= 14)
Electrical conductivity (mS/cm)	< 0.8 mS/cm	0	0	0	0	0
Moisture (%)	< 20%	0	0	0	0	0
Free acid (meq/kg)	< 50 meq/kg	0	0	20	6.7	0
HMF (mg/kg)	< 40 mg/kg	0	20	20	13.3	42.8
Diastase number (Schade units)	> 8 (Schade scale)	0	20	20	13.3	71.4
	Specifications of different countries (Thrasyvoulou et al., 2018)
Invertase (U/kg)	Germany: > 60 U/kg (Auslese Honig)> 80 U/kg (Feine Auslese Honig)	0	40	20	20	35.7
Invertase (U/kg)		0	40	20	20	42.9
Proline (mg/kg)	Poland: > 250 mg/kg	0	40	20	20	21.4
	Turkey: > 120 mg/kg (acacia, rosemary honeys)					7.17.1
	> 180 mg/kg (bakery, canola, citrus, lavender, lime and eucalyptus honeys)> 300 mg/kg	0	40	20	20	14.3

Average, standard deviation, minimum and maximum values of physicochemical parameters of the analysed Algerian (n=15) and imported (n=14) honeys_ A-S: Algerian spurge-labeled honeys_ A-J: Algerian jujube-labeled honeys_ A-M: Algerian multifloral-labeled honeys_

	A-S (n= 5)	A-J (n= 5)	A-M (n= 5)	Algerian honeys (n= 15)	Imported honeys (n= 14)
Properties/Parameters	Mean±SD (range)	Mean±SD (range)	Mean±SD (range)	Mean±SD (range)	Mean±SD (range)
Electrical conductivity (mS/cm)	0.26±0.09 (0.15–0.39)	0.35±0.16 (0.19–0.56)	0.28±0.18 (0.09–0.56)	0.30±0.14^b (0.09–0.56)	0.17±0.12^a (0.04–0.48)
Moisture (%)	15.20±0.97 (14.00–16.50)	16.70±1.30 (15.00–18.00)	16.70±1.82 (15.00–19.50)	16.20±1.50^a (14.00–19.50)	17.71±1.31^b (14.50–19.50)
Degrees BRIX (°Bx)	83.30±0.84 (82.00–84.00)	81.80±1.25 (80.50–83.00)	82.20±1.89 (79.00–83.50)	82.43±1.45^b (79.00–84.00)	81.18±1.05^a (80.00–84.00)
pH	3.93±0.20 (3.70–4.21)	3.88±0.92 (2.53–4.99)	3.84±0.30 (3.62–4.34)	3.88±0.53^a (2.53–4.99)	3.60±0.38^a (3.18–4.24)
Free acid (meq/kg)	22.20±5.72 (15.00–30.00)	31.20±18.21 (6.00–50.00)	39.40±22.94 (27.00–80.00)	30.93±17.53^a (6.00–80.00)	22.21±7.63^a (13.00–43.00)
HMF (mg/kg)	9.05±1.75 (6.80–11.52)	15.38±20.06 (0.00–46.70)	46.14±73.70 (3.59–177.0)	23.52±44.15^a (0.00–177.0)	103.60±147.08^b (19.31–580.83)
Diastase number (Schade units)	15.18±3.90 (10.60–20.50)	17.16±13.58 (5.30–40.00)	16.74±14.44 (0.20–32.60)	16.36±10.83^b (0.20–40.00)	7.11±2.26^a (3.40–11.70)
Invertase (U/kg)	155.78±42.44 (118.81–228.56)	114.64±105.58 (19.39–207.58)	124.64±92.60 (7.87–233.88)	132.90±78.07^a (7.87–233.88)	109.73±112.24^a (10.52–377.48)
Acid phosphatase (mg P/100 g/24h)	38.62±3.86 (34.48–44.86)	48.51±13.09 (33.87–59.09)	41.96±7.99 (33.56–55.06)	43.03±9.46^a (33.56–59.09)	55.62±8.34^b (26.86–59.41)
Proline (mg/kg)	839.42±215.38 (552.79–1126.13)	832.98±644.22 (112.01–530.27)	1006.01±659.70 (20.56–1877.69)	892.80±512.88^b (20.56–1877.69)	487.66±275.32^a (28.64–976.89)
Total carotenoid (mg β-carotene/kg)	8.84±2.92 (5.90–12.47)	9.75±3.64 (4.68–14.93)	20.46±22.06 (4.38–59.07)	13.02±13.23^a (4.38–59.07)	7.20±3.74^a (1.62–16.56)
Total phenol raw honey (mg gallic acid/100 g)	38.81±20.00 (24.52–74.08)	53.50±25.71 (33.56–96.26)	47.09±17.28 (24.10–62.86)	46.46±20.67^a (24.10–96.26)	57.87±25.31^a (33.86–114.88)
Total phenol honey extract (mg gallic acid/100 g)	15.05±1.74 (12.64–17.51)	25.15±14.43 (12.30–47.02)	20.56±5.41 (14.33–27.97)	20.25±9.33^b (12.30–47.02)	15.07±7.95^a (8.14–34.88)
Total flavonoids-neutral medium-(mg quercetin/100 g)	11.17±7.51 (2.94–20.49)	7.01±2.99 (3.90–10.64)	8.63±4.26 (2.51–14.08)	8.94±5.20^a (2.51–20.49)	10.73±15.16^a (2.48–59.93)
Total flavonoids-alkaline medium-(mg catechin/100 g)	30.28±3.09 (27.79–35.48)	30.87±4.71 (26.89–38.70)	33.20±8.49 (26.58–47.77)	31.45±5.60^b (26.58–47.77)	26.95±6.71^a (13.37–41.31)
o-Diphenols (μg cathechol/100 g)	11.79±13.97 (2.78–32.59)	11.50±9.11 (2.09–23.97)	18.84±20.22 (5.19–53.27)	14.20±14.46^a (2.09–53.27)	14.67±10.40^a (0.19–44.55)
TEAC (μmol trolox/100 g)	221.80±80.60 (143.18–336.79)	273.86±139.73 (121.12–448.78)	187.25±119.83 (21.76–334.82)	227.64±113.56^a (21.76–488.78)	243.01±205.80^a (38.82–733.55)

Quality Attributes of Local and Imported Honeys Commercialized in Algeria

Figures & Tables

Fig. 1

Unacceptable percentage of Algerian (n= 15) and imported (n= 14) honey samples according to international regulations_ A-S: Algerian spurge-labeled honeys_ A-J: Algerian jujube-labeled honeys_

Average, standard deviation, minimum and maximum values of physicochemical parameters of the analysed Algerian (n=15) and imported (n=14) honeys_ A-S: Algerian spurge-labeled honeys_ A-J: Algerian jujube-labeled honeys_ A-M: Algerian multifloral-labeled honeys_

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