Table 1
Average, standard deviation, minimum and maximum values of physicochemical parameters of the analysed Algerian (n=15) and imported (n=14) honeys. A-S: Algerian spurge-labeled honeys. A-J: Algerian jujube-labeled honeys. A-M: Algerian multifloral-labeled honeys.
| A-S (n= 5) | A-J (n= 5) | A-M (n= 5) | Algerian honeys (n= 15) | Imported honeys (n= 14) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Properties/Parameters | Mean±SD (range) | Mean±SD (range) | Mean±SD (range) | Mean±SD (range) | Mean±SD (range) |
| Electrical conductivity (mS/cm) | 0.26±0.09 (0.15–0.39) | 0.35±0.16 (0.19–0.56) | 0.28±0.18 (0.09–0.56) | 0.30±0.14b (0.09–0.56) | 0.17±0.12a (0.04–0.48) |
| Moisture (%) | 15.20±0.97 (14.00–16.50) | 16.70±1.30 (15.00–18.00) | 16.70±1.82 (15.00–19.50) | 16.20±1.50a (14.00–19.50) | 17.71±1.31b (14.50–19.50) |
| Degrees BRIX (°Bx) | 83.30±0.84 (82.00–84.00) | 81.80±1.25 (80.50–83.00) | 82.20±1.89 (79.00–83.50) | 82.43±1.45b (79.00–84.00) | 81.18±1.05a (80.00–84.00) |
| pH | 3.93±0.20 (3.70–4.21) | 3.88±0.92 (2.53–4.99) | 3.84±0.30 (3.62–4.34) | 3.88±0.53a (2.53–4.99) | 3.60±0.38a (3.18–4.24) |
| Free acid (meq/kg) | 22.20±5.72 (15.00–30.00) | 31.20±18.21 (6.00–50.00) | 39.40±22.94 (27.00–80.00) | 30.93±17.53a (6.00–80.00) | 22.21±7.63a (13.00–43.00) |
| HMF (mg/kg) | 9.05±1.75 (6.80–11.52) | 15.38±20.06 (0.00–46.70) | 46.14±73.70 (3.59–177.0) | 23.52±44.15a (0.00–177.0) | 103.60±147.08b (19.31–580.83) |
| Diastase number (Schade units) | 15.18±3.90 (10.60–20.50) | 17.16±13.58 (5.30–40.00) | 16.74±14.44 (0.20–32.60) | 16.36±10.83b (0.20–40.00) | 7.11±2.26a (3.40–11.70) |
| Invertase (U/kg) | 155.78±42.44 (118.81–228.56) | 114.64±105.58 (19.39–207.58) | 124.64±92.60 (7.87–233.88) | 132.90±78.07a (7.87–233.88) | 109.73±112.24a (10.52–377.48) |
| Acid phosphatase (mg P/100 g/24h) | 38.62±3.86 (34.48–44.86) | 48.51±13.09 (33.87–59.09) | 41.96±7.99 (33.56–55.06) | 43.03±9.46a (33.56–59.09) | 55.62±8.34b (26.86–59.41) |
| Proline (mg/kg) | 839.42±215.38 (552.79–1126.13) | 832.98±644.22 (112.01–530.27) | 1006.01±659.70 (20.56–1877.69) | 892.80±512.88b (20.56–1877.69) | 487.66±275.32a (28.64–976.89) |
| Total carotenoid (mg β-carotene/kg) | 8.84±2.92 (5.90–12.47) | 9.75±3.64 (4.68–14.93) | 20.46±22.06 (4.38–59.07) | 13.02±13.23a (4.38–59.07) | 7.20±3.74a (1.62–16.56) |
| Total phenol raw honey (mg gallic acid/100 g) | 38.81±20.00 (24.52–74.08) | 53.50±25.71 (33.56–96.26) | 47.09±17.28 (24.10–62.86) | 46.46±20.67a (24.10–96.26) | 57.87±25.31a (33.86–114.88) |
| Total phenol honey extract (mg gallic acid/100 g) | 15.05±1.74 (12.64–17.51) | 25.15±14.43 (12.30–47.02) | 20.56±5.41 (14.33–27.97) | 20.25±9.33b (12.30–47.02) | 15.07±7.95a (8.14–34.88) |
| Total flavonoids-neutral medium-(mg quercetin/100 g) | 11.17±7.51 (2.94–20.49) | 7.01±2.99 (3.90–10.64) | 8.63±4.26 (2.51–14.08) | 8.94±5.20a (2.51–20.49) | 10.73±15.16a (2.48–59.93) |
| Total flavonoids-alkaline medium-(mg catechin/100 g) | 30.28±3.09 (27.79–35.48) | 30.87±4.71 (26.89–38.70) | 33.20±8.49 (26.58–47.77) | 31.45±5.60b (26.58–47.77) | 26.95±6.71a (13.37–41.31) |
| o-Diphenols (μg cathechol/100 g) | 11.79±13.97 (2.78–32.59) | 11.50±9.11 (2.09–23.97) | 18.84±20.22 (5.19–53.27) | 14.20±14.46a (2.09–53.27) | 14.67±10.40a (0.19–44.55) |
| TEAC (μmol trolox/100 g) | 221.80±80.60 (143.18–336.79) | 273.86±139.73 (121.12–448.78) | 187.25±119.83 (21.76–334.82) | 227.64±113.56a (21.76–488.78) | 243.01±205.80a (38.82–733.55) |
Table 2
Unacceptable percentage of Algerian (n= 15) and imported (n= 14) honey samples according to international regulations. A-S: Algerian spurge-labeled honeys. A-J: Algerian jujube-labeled honeys.
| REGULATION | Unacceptable percentage of samples | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PARAMETER | Codex (2001), OJEC (2002) | A-S (n= 5) | A-J (n= 5) | A-M (n= 5) | Algerian honeys (n= 15) | Imported honeys (n= 14) |
| Electrical conductivity (mS/cm) | < 0.8 mS/cm | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Moisture (%) | < 20% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Free acid (meq/kg) | < 50 meq/kg | 0 | 0 | 20 | 6.7 | 0 |
| HMF (mg/kg) | < 40 mg/kg | 0 | 20 | 20 | 13.3 | 42.8 |
| Diastase number (Schade units) | > 8 (Schade scale) | 0 | 20 | 20 | 13.3 | 71.4 |
| Specifications of different countries (Thrasyvoulou et al., 2018) | ||||||
| Invertase (U/kg) | Germany: > 60 U/kg (Auslese Honig) > 80 U/kg (Feine Auslese Honig) | 0 | 40 | 20 | 20 | 35.7 |
| 0 | 40 | 20 | 20 | 42.9 | ||
| Proline (mg/kg) | Poland: > 250 mg/kg | 0 | 40 | 20 | 20 | 21.4 |
| Turkey: > 120 mg/kg (acacia, rosemary honeys) | 7.1 7.1 | |||||
| > 180 mg/kg (bakery, canola, citrus, lavender, lime and eucalyptus honeys) > 300 mg/kg | 0 | 40 | 20 | 20 | 14.3 | |
Fig. 1
Principal component analysis of electrical conductivity, moisture, degrees Brix, free acid, proline, diastase, acid phosphatase, total carotenoid and TPC (honey extract) in Algerian honeys labeled as spurge (A-S), jujube (A-J) and multifloral (A-M), as well as in imported (I) honeys.