Technical Education, Non-cognitive Skills and Labor Market Outcomes: Experimental Evidence from Brazil

Juliana Camargo; Lycia Lima; Flavio Riva; André Portela Souza

doi:10.2478/izajole-2021-0002

Figures & Tables

Types of Courses Tracks Offered Through PRONATEC [Amorim et al., 2015].

Average Intent-to-treat Estimates on Labor Market Outcomes

Dep. Var.:	(a)	(b)	(c)	(d)	(e)	(f)

	Employment	Labor market participation	Tenure	Formal employment	Work earnings	Wages (in logs)
Panel A: All

PRONATEC Offer	0.043 [0.042]	0.053 [0.034]	4.258 [4.486]	0.051 [0.051]	102.688 [108.5]	0.046 [0.050]
No offer group mean	0.802	0.865	33.008	0.690	1399.135	7.345
(i) p-value (H₀: τ_ITT) =0	0.301	0.124	0.393	0.315	0.344	0.360
(ii) p-value (H₀: τ_ITT,i = 0, ∀ i)	0.270	0.102	0.345	0.309	0.312	0.399
Number of observations	735	735	726	735	731	567

Panel B: Women

PRONATEC Offer	0.217 [0.093]	0.262 [0.078]	16.410 [6.663]	0.354 [0.097]	513.000 [149.1]	0.229 [0.101]
No offer group mean	0.658	0.711	24.711	0.474	873.026	7.055
(i) p-value (H₀: τ_ITT) =0	0.020	0.002	0.015	<0.001	0.001	0.025
(ii) p-value (H₀: τ_ITT,i = 0, ∀ i)	0.008	0.000	0.011	<0.001	0.001	0.018
Number of observations	237	237	235	237	237	166

Panel C: Men

PRONATEC Offer	−0.017 [0.047]	−0.027 [0.035]	−0.542 [5.731]	−0.068 [0.058]	−39.420 [144.3]	−0.007 [0.060]
No offer group mean	0.864	0.932	36.632	0.784	1626.318	7.445
(i) p-value (H₀: τ_ITT) =0	0.717	0.416	0.736	0.252	0.899	0.810
(ii) p-value (H₀: τ_ITT,i = 0, ∀ i)	0.825	0.487	0.926	0.254	0.783	0.906
Number of observations	498	498	491	498	494	401

Average Intent-to-treat Estimates on Technical and Non-Technical Education Graduation Rates

	Technical Education			General Education

Dep. Var.:	(a)	(b)	(c)	(d)	(e)	(f)

	Enrolled (PRONATEC)	Enrolled (any)	Graduated (PRONATEC)	Graduated (any)	Graduated High-school, concomitant	Enrolled (Tertiary)
Panel A: All

Offer	0.777 [0.030]	0.641 [0.044]	0.452 [0.041]	0.234 [0.054]	0.147 [0.068]	−0.034 [0.051]
No offer group mean	0.016	0.198	0.087	0.437	0.774	0.389
(i) p-value (H₀: τ_ITT) =0	0.000	0.000	<0.001	<0.001	0.031	0.513
(ii) p-value (H₀: τ_ITT,i = 0, ∀ i)	0.000	0.000	<0.001	<0.001	0.033	0.253
Number of observations	735	735	735	735	319	735

Panel B: Women

Offer	0.736 [0.055]	0.596 [0.089]	0.458 [0.070]	0.200 [0.101]	0.014 [0.074]	0.016 [0.108]
No offer group mean	0.026	0.211	0.053	0.368	0.889	0.447
(i) p-value (H₀: τ_ITT) =0	0.000	0.000	<0.001	0.050	0.845	0.884
(ii) p-value (H₀: τ_ITT,i = 0, ∀ i)	0.000	0.000	<0.001	0.022	0.429	0.413
Number of observations	237	237	237	237	118	237

Panel C: Men

Offer	0.815 [0.034]	0.678 [0.052]	0.464 [0.051]	0.238 [0.067]	0.210 [0.088]	−0.018 [0.059]
No offer group mean	0.011	0.193	0.102	0.466	0.727	0.364
(i) p-value (H₀: τ_ITT) =0	0.000	0.000	<0.001	<0.001	0.018	0.756
(ii) p-value (H₀: τ_ITT,i = 0, ∀ i)	0.000	0.000	<0.001	<0.001	0.033	0.377
Number of observations	498	498	498	498	201	498

Possible Heterogeneos Effects

	(a)	(b)	(c)

Dep. Var.:	Employment All	Employment Women	Employment Men
Offer	−0.000 [0.045]	0.241 [0.111]	−0.099 [0.047]
p-value	0.999	0.030	0.038
Mother completed high-school	−0.242 [0.096]	−0.131 [0.220]	−0.292 [0.098]
p-value	0.012	0.554	0.003
Father completed high-school	0.152 [0.105]	0.046 [0.230]	0.192 [0.111]
p-value	0.149	0.841	0.084
Offer^*Mother completed high-school	−0.004 [0.092]	0.064 [0.235]	−0.043 [0.092]
p-value	0.968	0.785	0.643
Offer^*Father completed high-school	−0.009 [0.101]	−0.185 [0.247]	0.090 [0.102]
p-value	0.928	0.455	0.379
Constant	0.779 [0.093]	0.373 [0.194]	1.004 [0.099]
p-value	0.000	0.056	0.000
Number of observations	735	237	498

Structural Equation Model Parameters

Dep. Var.:	(a)	(b)	(c)

	All	Women	Men
α₁	0.801 [0.062]	0.669 [0.125]	0.875 [0.071]
p-value	0.000	0.000	0.000
β₁	0.627 [0.086]	0.800 [0.173]	0.573 [0.100]
p-value	0.000	0.000	0.000
γ₁	0.144 [0.102]	0.964 [0.178]	−0.022 [0.124]
p-value	0.160	0.000	0.862
θ₁	0.043 [0.039]	0.034 [0.076]	−0.119 [0.045]
p-value	0.266	0.652	0.007
θ₂	0.176 [0.003]	0.477 [0.010]	0.022 [0.003]
p-value	0.000	0.000	0.000
θ₁^* β₁	0.029	0.129	−0.086
θ₂^* γ₁	0.034	0.426	0.003
θ₁^* β₁ + θ₂^*γ₁	0.063	0.556	−0.082
Number of observations	364	107	257

Attrition

Dep. Var.:	All Subsc.	Women	Men
Offer	−0.047 [0.043]	−0.057 [0.104]	−0.033 [0.048]
p–value	0.267	0.585	0.489
Number of observations	1,444	467	977

Average intent-to-treat Estimates on Possible Channels Outcomes

	Possible Channels

Dep. Var.:	(a)	(b)	(c)	(d)

	NC Index	Ocupation (course area)	Certificate	Gateway
Panel A: All

Offer	0.148 [0.141]	0.175 [0.049]	0.286 [0.079]	−0.017 [0.028]
No offer group mean		0.165	0.270	0.059
(i) p-value (H₀: τ_ITT) =0	0.296	0.000	0.000	0.529
(ii) p-value (H₀: τ_ITT,i = 0, ∀ i)	0.306	0.001	0.000	0.467
Number of observations	376	571	587	569

Panel B: Women

Offer	0.503 [0.183]	0.079 [0.041]	0.283 [0.201]	0.015 [0.023]
No offer group mean	−0.316	0.043	0.250	0.000
(i) p-value (H₀: τ_ITT) =0	0.007	0.054	0.160	0.503
(ii) p-value (H₀: τ_ITT,i = 0, ∀ i)	0.028	0.206	0.025	0.807
Number of observations	111	163	183	164

Panel C: Men

Offer	0.052 [0.188]	0.210 [0.064]	0.283 [0.089]	−0.023 [0.037]
No offer group mean	0.110	0.203	0.276	0.078
(i) p-value (H₀: τ_ITT) =0	0.783	0.001	0.002	0.534
(ii) p-value (H₀: τ_ITT,i = 0, ∀ i)	0.761	0.003	0.000	0.539
Number of observations	265	408	404	405

Within-Strata Balance Across Enrollment Arms, All Interviewed Subscribers who received an offer

	(a)	(b)	(c)	(d)	(e)

	Mean (No Enrollment)	Mean (Enrollment)	p-value (w. strata)	% Size	Number of obs.
Male	0.622	0.687	0.631	10.4%	609
Black, “pardo” or indigenous	0.299	0.251	0.518	−16.1%	609
Age	23.559	23.867	0.461	1.3%	609
Mother completed high-school	0.270	0.255	0.910	−5.4%	609
Mother completed tertiary	0.087	0.091	0.477	5.4%	609
Father completed high-school	0.222	0.253	0.347	13.9%	609
Father completed tertiary	0.055	0.062	0.507	12.9%	609
Concomitant modality	0.457	0.477	0.0126	4.5%	609
N	127	482
	F–stat	p–value
	1.240	0.278

LATE Estimates on Possible Channels Outcomes

	Possible Channels

Dep. Var.:	(a)	(b)	(c)	(d)

	NC Index	Ocupation (course area)	Certificate	Gateway
Panel A: All

Offer	0.187 [0.172]	0.217 [0.058]	0.334 [0.090]	−0.022 [0.034]
	0.277	0.000	0.000	0.515
No offer group mean		0.165	0.270	0.059
p-value (H₀: τ_ITT) =0	0.296	0.000	0.000	0.529
Number of observations	376	571	587	569

Panel B: Women

Offer	0.697 [0.240]	0.108 [0.050]	0.318 [0.205]	0.020 [0.028]
	0.004	0.032	0.121	0.465
No offer group mean	−0.316	0.043	0.250	0.000
p-value (H₀: τ_ITT) =0	0.007	0.054	0.160	0.503
Number of observations	111	163	183	164

Panel C: Men

Offer	0.060 [0.207]	0.247 [0.072]	0.32 [0.093]	−0.027 [0.042]
	0.771	0.001	0.001	0.517
No offer group mean	0.110	0.203	0.276	0.078
p-value (H₀: τ_ITT) =0	0.783	0.001	0.002	0.534
Number of observations	265	408	404	405

Atrition (answered non-cognitive module), All Inter-viewed Subscribers and by Gender Group

	(a)	(b)	(c)

	All	Women	Men
Answered
Offer	−0.015 [0.050]	0.099 [0.090]	−0.058 [0.062]
p-value (w. strata)	0.766	0.273	0.354
Number of observations	735	237	498

Within-Strata Balance Across Treatment Offer Arms, All Interviewed Subscribers

	(a)	(b)	(c)	(d)	(e)

	Mean (No offer)	Mean (Offer)	p−value (w. strata)	% Size	Number of obs.
Male	0.698	0.673	0.783	−3.6%	735
Black, ’pardo’ or indigenous	0.206	0.261	0.377	26.5%	735
Age	27.25 (7.60)	23.80 (6.46)	0.949	−12.7%	735
Mother completed high-school	0.190	0.258	0.645	35.6%	734
Mother completed tertiary	0.071	0.090	0.418	26.4%	735
Father completed high-school	0.230	0.247	0.311	7.2%	734
Father completed tertiary	0.048	0.061	0.944	27.6%	735
Concomitant modality	0.246	0.473	0.072	92.2%	735
N	126	609
	F–stat	p–value
	0.838	0.569

Number of subscriptions by municipality and course

Course	Chapecó	Itapiranga	S. M. Oeste	Xanxerê	Total
Mechanics	201	0	0	77	278
Administration	8	0	0	0	8
Pharmaceutical	0	0	5	0	5
Computer Network	163	49	30	38	280
Workplace Safety	223	0	28	42	293
Building	31	0	0	0	31
Electrotechnology	113	76	35	0	224
Electronics	46	0	0	0	46
Electromechanics	0	0	62	61	123
Food Technology	92	0	64	0	156
Total	877	125	224	218	1,444

Average Intent-to-treat Estimates on Probability of being above Quantiles of Standardized Index of Non-cognitive Skills

	(a)	(b)	(c)

	All	Women	Men
Probability of being above 20%
Offer	0.0621 [0.0319]	0.116 [0.0561]	0.0446 [0.0384]
p-value (w. strata)	0.052	0.038	0.246

Probability of being above 40%
Offer	0.0524 [0.0413]	0.0652 [0.0779]	0.0507 [0.0485]
p-value (w. strata)	0.205	0.402	0.296

Probability of being above 60%
Offer	0.0224 [0.0461]	0.0615 [0.0844]	0.0228 [0.0548]
p-value (w. strata)	0.627	0.466	0.678

Probability of being above 80%
Offer	0.0337 [0.0474]	−0.0655 [0.0871]	0.0725 [0.0559]
p-value (w. strata)	0.477	0.452	0.194
P-value joint	0.3442	0.0502	0.4181
Number of observations	735	237	498

OLS Estimates of the Correlation between the Treatment and Labor Market Outcomes

	(a)	(b)

Dep. Var.:	Employment EEB	Employment PRONATEC
Treatment	0.101 [0.077]	−0.007 [0.046]
p-value	0.189	0.883
Female	−0.228 [0.094]	−0.225 [0.092]
p-value	0.016	0.015
Age	−0.003 [0.017]	0.001 [0.003]
p-value	0.860	0.644
Treatment^*Female	0.183 [0.118]	0.158 [0.096]
p-value	0.123	0.100
Constant	0.829 [0.345]	0.780 [0.086]
p-value	0.017	0.000
Number of observations	204	735

LATE Estimates on Standardized Indicators of Non-cognitive Skills

Dep. Var.:	(a)	(b)	(c)	(d)	(e)	(f)	(g)

	NC Index	Agreeableness	Conscientiousness	Extraversion	Neuroticism	Openness to experiences	Locus of control
Panel A: All

Offer	0.187 [0.172]	0.132 [0.177]	0.250 [0.169]	0.253 [0.187]	0.057 [0.177]	−0.022 [0.189]	−0.071 [0.185]
p-value (H₀: τ_ITT) =0	0.277	0.458	0.139	0.176	0.749	0.909	0.703
Number of observations	376	376	376	376	376	376	376

Panel B: Women

Offer	0.697 [0.240]	0.590 [0.277]	0.548 [0.294]	0.856 [0.334]	0.279 [0.327]	0.444 [0.350]	−0.468 [0.344]
No offer group mean	−0.316	−0.171	−0.038	−0.378	−0.513	−0.368	0.235
p-value (H₀: τ_ITT) =0	0.004	0.033	0.062	0.011	0.394	0.205	0.174
Number of observations	111	111	111	111	111	111	111

Panel C: Men

Offer	0.060 [0.207]	0.007 [0.208]	0.176 [0.197]	0.108 [0.205]	0.000 [0.210]	−0.085 [0.210]	0.047 [0.212]
No offer group mean	0.110	0.056	0.012	0.123	0.167	0.120	−0.077
p-value (H₀: τ_ITT) =0	0.771	0.975	0.371	0.598	1.000	0.684	0.827
Number of observations	265	265	265	265	265	265	265

LATE Estimates on Labor Market Outcomes

Dep. Var.:	(a)	(b)	(c)	(d)	(e)	(f)

	Employment	Labor market participation	Tenure	Formal employment	Work earnings	Wages (in logs)
Panel A: All

Offer	0.056 [0.053]	0.068 [0.043]	5.460 [5.613]	0.066 [0.064]	132.700 [136.9]	0.058 [0.061]
No offer group mean	0.802	0.865	33.008	0.690	1399.135	7.345
p-value (H₀: τ_ITT) =0	0.291	0.112	0.331	0.304	0.332	0.344
Number of observations	735	735	726	735	731	567

Panel B: Women

Offer	0.295 [0.120]	0.356 [0.104]	22.31 [8.549]	0.481 [0.129]	697.3 [197.2]	0.309 [0.131]
No offer group mean	0.658	0.711	24.711	0.474	873.026	7.055
p-value (H₀: τ_ITT) =0	0.014	0.001	0.009	0.000	0.000	0.018
Number of observations	237	237	235	237	237	166

Panel C: Men

Offer	−0.021 [0.055]	−0.033 [0.041]	−0.661 [6.758]	−0.083 [0.068]	−48.630 [172.3]	−0.008 [0.069]
No offer group mean	0.864	0.932	36.632	0.784	1626.318	7.445
p-value (H₀: τ_ITT) =0	0.708	0.424	0.922	0.225	0.778	0.905
Number of observations	498	498	491	498	494	401

Average intent-to-treat Estimates on Standardized Indicators of Non-cognitive Skills

Dep. Var.:	(a)	(b)	(c)	(d)	(e)	(f)	(g)

	NC Index	Agreeableness	Conscientiousness	Extraversion	Neuroticism	Openness to experiences	Locus of control
Panel A: All

Offer	0.148 [0.141]	0.062 [0.147]	0.215 [0.143]	0.182 [0.161]	0.014 [0.146]	−0.030 [0.157]	−0.068 [0.157]
(i) p-value (H₀: τ_ITT) =0	0.296	0.673	0.133	0.258	0.924	0.847	0.664
(ii) p-value (H₀: τ_ITT,i = 0, ∀ i)	0.306	0.335	0.067	0.132	0.467	0.381	0.343
Number of observations	376	364	364	363	364	364	364

Panel B: Women

Offer	0.503 [0.183]	0.360 [0.218]	0.421 [0.241]	0.690 [0.300]	0.251 [0.262]	0.284 [0.304]	−0.307 [0.283]
No offer group mean	−0.316	−0.171	−0.038	−0.378	−0.513	−0.368	0.235
(i) p-value (H₀: τ_ITT) =0	0.007	0.102	0.084	0.024	0.341	0.352	0.280
(ii) p-value (H₀: τ_ITT,i = 0, ∀ i)	0.028	0.089	0.066	0.009	0.188	0.205	0.138
Number of observations	111	106	106	105	106	106	106

Panel C: Men

Offer	0.0517 [0.188]	−0.002 [0.189]	0.183 [0.181]	0.062 [0.189]	−0.055 [0.187]	−0.082 [0.188]	0.001 [0.195]
No offer group mean	0.110	0.056	0.012	0.123	0.167	0.120	−0.077
(i) p-value (H₀: τ_ITT) =0	0.783	0.909	0.313	0.741	0.770	0.665	0.997
(ii) p-value (H₀: τ_ITT,i = 0, ∀ i)	0.761	0.466	0.138	0.403	0.401	0.354	0.474
Number of observations	265	258	258	258	258	258	258

Within-Strata Balance Across Treatment Offer Arms, All Interviewed Subscribers by Gender Group

	Women					Men

	(a)	(b)	(c)	(d)	(e)	(a)	(b)	(c)	(d)	(e)

	Mean (No offer)	Mean (Offer)	p-value (w. strata)	% Size	Number of obs.	Mean (No offer)	Mean (Offer)	p-value (w. strata)	% Size	Number of obs.
Black, “pardo” or indigenous	0.184	0.256	0.189	39.1%	237	0.216	0.263	0.829	22.0%	498
Age	28.21 (8.24)	22.71 (5.40)	0.109	19.5%	237	26.84 (7.32)	24.33 (6.86)	0.228	−9.3%	498
Mother completed high-school	0.184	0.256	0.909	39.1%	237	0.193	0.259	0.774	34.2%	497
Mother completed tertiary	0.053	0.095	0.974	81.4%	237	0.080 (0.272)	0.088 (0.283)	0.304	10.4%	498
Father completed high-school	0.211	0.266	0.373	26.5%	237	0.239	0.237	0.506	−0.6%	497
Father completed tertiary	0.026	0.040	0.922	52.8%	237	0.057	0.071	0.917	24.5%	498
Concomitant modality	0.237	0.548	0.989	131.3%	237	0.250	0.437	0.064	74.6%	498
N	38	199				88	410
		F-stat	p-value				F-stat	p-value
		1.062	0.390				0.704	0.669

Technical Education, Non-cognitive Skills and Labor Market Outcomes: Experimental Evidence from Brazil

Figures & Tables

Figure 1

Average Intent-to-treat Estimates on Labor Market Outcomes

Average Intent-to-treat Estimates on Technical and Non-Technical Education Graduation Rates

Possible Heterogeneos Effects

Structural Equation Model Parameters

Attrition

Average intent-to-treat Estimates on Possible Channels Outcomes

Within-Strata Balance Across Enrollment Arms, All Interviewed Subscribers who received an offer

LATE Estimates on Possible Channels Outcomes

Atrition (answered non-cognitive module), All Inter-viewed Subscribers and by Gender Group

Within-Strata Balance Across Treatment Offer Arms, All Interviewed Subscribers

Number of subscriptions by municipality and course

Average Intent-to-treat Estimates on Probability of being above Quantiles of Standardized Index of Non-cognitive Skills

OLS Estimates of the Correlation between the Treatment and Labor Market Outcomes

LATE Estimates on Standardized Indicators of Non-cognitive Skills

LATE Estimates on Labor Market Outcomes

Average intent-to-treat Estimates on Standardized Indicators of Non-cognitive Skills

Within-Strata Balance Across Treatment Offer Arms, All Interviewed Subscribers by Gender Group

Paradigm

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