Figure 1:
Mechanism of the biometric system.
Figure 2:
The proposed multi-layer authentication system.
Figure 3:
Flowchart of the biometric system.
Figure 4:
Circuit level of the proposed system.
Table 1:
Hardware components and specifications
| Component | Specification | Purpose |
|---|---|---|
| Arduino Uno | Microcontroller board, ATmega328P, 5V operating voltage | Central controller for the system |
| Fingerprint sensor | R307, optical sensor, 256 × 288 resolution, UART interface, 3.3–5V operating voltage | Captures and stores fingerprints for verification |
| Relay module | 5V single-channel relay, 10 A/250V AC | Switches the solenoid lock based on Arduino signals |
| Solenoid lock | 12V DC lock, pull type, 1.2 A operating current | Provides a physical locking mechanism |
| Breadboard | Standard 830 tie-points | Prototyping and connecting components |
| Connecting wires | Male-to-male and male-to-female jumper wires | Establish electrical connections |
| Battery | 12V rechargeable battery | Backup power supply for portability |
Figure 5:
Proposed system is locked.
Figure 6:
Proposed system is opened. (A) Scanned finger print set is matched with the registered fingerprint set. (B) Scanned finger print set is not matched with the registered fingerprint set. (C) Scanned finger print set matched after the reset fingerprint.
Table 2:
Analysis of the proposed system with different test cases
| Scenario | Fingerprint 1 | Fingerprint 2 | Fingerprint 3 | Fingerprint 4 | Door (solenoid) | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case 1 (Compared with the registered fingerprint sequence set) | Matched | Matched | Matched | Matched | Unlock | Successful access |
| Case 2 (Incorrect fingerprint set) | Matched | Matched | Matched | Not matched | Locked | Access denied |
| Case 3 (Timeout) | Matched | Matched | Matched | Timeout | Restart | Attempt reset |
| Case 4 (Reset mechanism) | Matched | Matched | Not matched | Reached limit | Resets | Counter reset and access restored |
Table 3:
Comparison of the proposed system with the related existing systems
| Biometric system | Accuracy (%) | FAR (%) | FRR (%) | Response time (s) | Security level | User convenience | Cost | Application suitability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fingerprint + face [18,20] | 93 | 1.5 | 3.5 | 2.1 | Moderate to high | High (non-intrusive, familiar to users) | Moderate | General access control, mobile devices |
| Fingerprint + voice [11,12] | 90 | 2.2 | 4.8 | 2.4 | Moderate | High (natural interaction for users) | Low to moderate | Phone-based authentication, personal devices |
| Fingerprint + iris [20,29] | 97 | 0.5 | 2.0 | 2.0 | Very high | Moderate (requires steady positioning) | High | High-security facilities, banking and government |
| Proposed sequential fingerprint system | 95 | 0.8 | 4.2 | 1.8 | High | Moderate (multiple prints required) | Low to moderate | Door locks, data centers, restricted areas |