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Hardware components and specifications
| Component | Specification | Purpose |
|---|---|---|
| Arduino Uno | Microcontroller board, ATmega328P, 5V operating voltage | Central controller for the system |
| Fingerprint sensor | R307, optical sensor, 256 × 288 resolution, UART interface, 3.3–5V operating voltage | Captures and stores fingerprints for verification |
| Relay module | 5V single-channel relay, 10 A/250V AC | Switches the solenoid lock based on Arduino signals |
| Solenoid lock | 12V DC lock, pull type, 1.2 A operating current | Provides a physical locking mechanism |
| Breadboard | Standard 830 tie-points | Prototyping and connecting components |
| Connecting wires | Male-to-male and male-to-female jumper wires | Establish electrical connections |
| Battery | 12V rechargeable battery | Backup power supply for portability |
Comparison of the proposed system with the related existing systems
| Biometric system | Accuracy (%) | FAR (%) | FRR (%) | Response time (s) | Security level | User convenience | Cost | Application suitability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fingerprint + face [18,20] | 93 | 1.5 | 3.5 | 2.1 | Moderate to high | High (non-intrusive, familiar to users) | Moderate | General access control, mobile devices |
| Fingerprint + voice [11,12] | 90 | 2.2 | 4.8 | 2.4 | Moderate | High (natural interaction for users) | Low to moderate | Phone-based authentication, personal devices |
| Fingerprint + iris [20,29] | 97 | 0.5 | 2.0 | 2.0 | Very high | Moderate (requires steady positioning) | High | High-security facilities, banking and government |
| Proposed sequential fingerprint system | 95 | 0.8 | 4.2 | 1.8 | High | Moderate (multiple prints required) | Low to moderate | Door locks, data centers, restricted areas |
Analysis of the proposed system with different test cases
| Scenario | Fingerprint 1 | Fingerprint 2 | Fingerprint 3 | Fingerprint 4 | Door (solenoid) | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case 1 (Compared with the registered fingerprint sequence set) | Matched | Matched | Matched | Matched | Unlock | Successful access |
| Case 2 (Incorrect fingerprint set) | Matched | Matched | Matched | Not matched | Locked | Access denied |
| Case 3 (Timeout) | Matched | Matched | Matched | Timeout | Restart | Attempt reset |
| Case 4 (Reset mechanism) | Matched | Matched | Not matched | Reached limit | Resets | Counter reset and access restored |