Enhancement of radial distribution network based on optimal location and sizing of photoVoltaic distributed generation using mountain gazelle optimizer and eel and grouper optimizer

Salman, Ghassan Abdullah; Al-Bahrani, Layth Tawfeeq

doi:10.2478/ijssis-2025-0057

Figures & Tables

Flowchart of the proposed optimization algorithms. APL, active power loss; DG, distributed generation; RPL, reactive power loss; VDI, voltage deviation index; VSI, voltage stability index.

Flowchart of the proposed MGO. BMH, bachelor male herds; DG, distributed generation; MH, maternity herds; MGO, mountain gazelle optimizer; MSF, migration to search of food; TSM, territorial solitary males.

Flowchart of the proposed EGO. DG, distributed generation; EGO, Eel and grouper optimizer.

The convergence curve of APL (IEEE 69 BUS). APL, active power loss; EGO, Eel and grouper optimizer; MGO, mountain gazelle optimizer.

The boxplot of APL (IEEE 69 BUS). APL, active power loss; EGO, Eel and grouper optimizer; MGO, mountain gazelle optimizer.

Figure 7:

The voltage profile of case1 (IEEE 69 BUS). DG, distributed generation; EGO, Eel and grouper optimizer; MGO, mountain gazelle optimizer.

The convergence curve of VSI (IEEE 69 BUS). EGO, Eel and grouper optimizer; MGO, mountain gazelle optimizer; VSI, voltage stability index.

The boxplot of VSI (IEEE 69 BUS). VSI, voltage stability index.

Figure 10:

The voltage profile of case2 (IEEE 69 BUS). DG, distributed generation; EGO, Eel and grouper optimizer; MGO, mountain gazelle optimizer.

The convergence curve of MOF (IEEE 69 BUS). EGO, Eel and grouper optimizer; MGO, mountain gazelle optimizer.

The boxplot of MOF (IEEE 69 BUS). EGO, Eel and grouper optimizer; MGO, mountain gazelle optimizer.

Figure 13:

The voltage profile of case3 (IEEE 69 BUS). DG, distributed generation; EGO, Eel and grouper optimizer; MGO, mountain gazelle optimizer.

RPL of case3 (IEEE 69 BUS). DG, distributed generation; EGO, Eel and grouper optimizer; MGO, mountain gazelle optimizer; RPL, reactive power loss.

The convergence curve of MOF (IRAQI 77 BUS). EGO, Eel and grouper optimizer; MGO, mountain gazelle optimizer.

The boxplot of MOF (IRAQI 77 BUS). EGO, Eel and grouper optimizer; MGO, mountain gazelle optimizer.

Figure 18:

The voltage profile of MOF (IRAQI 77 BUS). DG, distributed generation; EGO, Eel and grouper optimizer; MGO, mountain gazelle optimizer.

VSI of MOF (IRAQI 77 BUS). DG, distributed generation; EGO, Eel and grouper optimizer; MGO, mountain gazelle optimizer; VSI, voltage stability index.

APL of MOF (IRAQI 77 BUS). APL, active power loss; DG, distributed generation; EGO, Eel and grouper optimizer; MGO, mountain gazelle optimizer.

RPL of MOF (IRAQI 77 BUS). DG, distributed generation; EGO, Eel and grouper optimizer; MGO, mountain gazelle optimizer; RPL, reactive power loss.

Results of PVDG with minimized APL (IEEE 69 BUS)

	MGO	EGO
DG location	16, 61, 64	9, 18, 61
DG size (kW)	549.6, 1,482.7, 278.3	841.6, 449.3, 1,498.4
APL (kW)	71.19	71.00

Comparison results of PVDG with maximized VSI (IEEE 69 BUS)

Method	DG location	DG size (kW)	VSI (P.U)	1/VSI (P.U)
TLBO [16]	27, 60, 61	702.6, 1171.6, 1163	0.9762	1.0244
QTLBO [16]	22, 61, 62	1193.1, 1196.7, 1191.4	0.9770	1.0235
SIMBO-Q [18]	21, 63, 64	1384.1, 1500, 1055.5	0.9770	1.0235
QOSIMBO-Q [18]	12, 56, 63	1500, 1500, 1500	0.9771	1.0234
Propose MGO	26, 60, 64	1032.8, 1046.7, 1083.4	0.9921	1.0079
Propose EGO	23, 59, 61	1306.3, 1133.8, 1084.5	0.9947	1.0053

Results of PVDG with MOF (IEEE 69 BUS)

	MGO	EGO
DG location	24, 51, 62	17, 30, 61
DG size (kW)	455.1, 990.7, 1,608.6	580.5, 854.1, 1,742.3
APL (kW)	72.91	71.75
RPL (kVAR)	36.46	35.95
VDI (P.U)	0.0058	0.0071
VSI (P.U)	0.9770	0.9722
APLI (P.U)	0.2447	0.2418
RPLI (P.U)	0.2630	0.2603
ICDG ($)	0.1227	0.1207
MOF	0.3319	0.3316

Results of PVDG with maximized VSI (IEEE 69 BUS)

	MGO	EGO
DG location	26, 60, 64	23, 59, 61
DG size (kW)	1,032.8, 1,046.7, 1,083.4	1,306.3, 1,133.8, 1,084.5
VSI (P.U)	0.9921	0.9947
1/VSI (P.U)	1.0079	1.0053

Comparison results of PVDG with minimized APL (IEEE 69 BUS)

Method	DG location	DG size (kW)	APL (kW)
TLBO [16]	15, 61, 63	591.9, 818.8, 900.3	72.4
QTLBO [16]	18, 61, 63	533.4, 1,198.6, 567.2	71.6
JAYA [17]	12, 50, 61	1,016, 100, 2,000	75.83
MTLBO [17]	20, 57, 62	446, 477, 1,836	77.36
GWO [17]	12, 50, 61	792, 586, 2,000	73.43
SIMBO-Q [18]	17, 61, 67	428.5, 1,500, 486.3	71.4
QOSIMBO-Q [18]	9, 17, 61	831.4, 453.8, 1,500	71.0
FWA [19]	27, 61, 65	225.8, 1,198.6, 408.5	77.85
HSA [20]	63, 64, 65	1,302.4, 369, 101.8	86.77
BFOA [21]	27, 61, 65	295.4, 1,345.1, 447.6	75.23
HHO [22]	12, 61, 62	734.1, 1,191.2, 762.3	74.14
HGSO [23]	15, 57, 61	598.63, 200, 1,796.9	72.33
AMWOA [24]	11, 18, 64	602, 589, 145	71.41
MPSO [25]	17, 61, 64	531, 1,490, 290	71.1
Propose MGO	16, 61, 64	549.6, 1,482.7, 278.3	71.19
Propose EGO	9, 18, 61	841.6, 449.3, 1,498.4	71.0

Results of PVDG with MOF (IRAQI 77 BUS)

	MGO	EGO
DG location	18, 41, 63	11, 40, 66
DG size (kW)	2,595.4, 2,796.3, 2,407.3	2,697.5, 2,860.7, 2,346.5
APL (kW)	367.75	361.41
RPL (kVAR)	257.75	253.45
VDI (P.U)	0.0214	0.0215
VSI (P.U)	0.9174	0.9172
APLI (P.U)	0.3406	0.3367
RPLI (P.U)	0.3421	0.3384
ICDG ($)	0.3135	0.3177
MOF	0.4215	0.4209

Enhancement of radial distribution network based on optimal location and sizing of photoVoltaic distributed generation using mountain gazelle optimizer and eel and grouper optimizer

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