Concerns regarding the sustainable development of energy – opportunities and challenges for RES adoption in Poland

Przedworska, Kornelia; Hadasik, Bartłomiej; Krawczyńska, Dominika; Ryczko, Aleksandra; Kubiczek, Jakub

doi:10.2478/ijme-2025-0021

Abstract

Energy transition is a time- and capital-intensive process, particularly in the shift from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources (RES). Poland exemplifies this transition, navigating fluctuations in energy prices. The invasion of Ukraine by Russia has heightened the significance of energy transition challenges and opportunities in Poland. This work explores Poland’s situation, analyzing possibilities, problems, and future prospects for RES. Utilizing political, economic, social, and technological analysis, the research assesses the landscape and projects the future outlook for RES in Poland. Findings indicate favorable regulations and increasing support for RES development. Financial backing for RES investments is available, yet slow adoption persists due to historical coal usage habits and limited environmental awareness. Despite low current RES usage, the circumstances present an opportunity to boost energy transition, ensuring set targets are met and enhancing energy independence.

References

Adamczewski, T., Muszyński, I., Kacejko, P., Bojja, A., Filipowicz, G., Palukiewicz, A., Perzyna, J., Pietrzyk, T., & Sokołowski, F. (2023). Przyspieszyć rozwój OZE [working paper].
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Al-Sorour, A., Fazeli, M., Monfared, M., Fahmy, A., Searle, J. R., & Lewis, R. P. (2022). Enhancing PV self-consumption within an energy community using MILP-based P2P trading. IEEE Access, 10, 93760–93772. doi: 10.1109/access.2022.3202649.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Avancini, D. B., Rodrigues, J. J. P. C., Rabêlo, R. A. L., Das, A. K., Kozlov, S., & Solic, P. (2021). A new IoT‐based smart energy meter for smart grids. International Journal of Energy Research, 45(1), 189–202. doi: 10.1002/er.5177.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Bachman, K. E. (2008). Analiza zasobów i potrzeb środowiska. In Pakiet Edukacyjny Pozaformalnej Akademii Jakości Projektu Część 5 (pp. 42–56).
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Bernat, T., Flaszewska, S., Lisowska, R., & Szymańska, K. (2024). Involving micro and small enterprises in the energy transition: Evidence from Poland. Energies, 17(4), 847. doi: 10.3390/en17040847.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Bhargava, C., Sharma, P. K., Senthilkumar, M., Padmanaban, S., Ramachandaramurthy, V. K., Leonowicz, Z., Blaabjerg, F., & Mitolo, M. (2020), Review of health prognostics and condition monitoring of electronic components. IEEE Access, 8, 75163–75183. doi: 10.1109/access.2020.2989410.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Chmiel, T., Curkowski, A., Czerniejewski, B., Gałczyńska, M., Hanzelka, Z., Heller, K., Jaczewski, M., Kaźmierski, A., Kopeć, S., Piłatkowski, J., Safjański, J., Strzałkowski, A., Trzcianowski, S., Wawrzyniak, K., Wieniawa-Narkiewicz, B., Worek, B. (2023). Strategia rozwoju energetyki rozproszonej do 2040 roku [working paper]. Accessed 4 November, 2023, from: https://www.energetyka-rozproszona.pl/media/ckeditor/2023/01/13/strategia-rozwoju-energetyki-rozproszonej-w-polsce-do-2040-roku.pdf.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
CIRE. (2021). Nowoczesne technologie i rozwiązania wspierające OZE w produkcji energii elektrycznej oraz sieci dystrybucyjne. Accessed 11 November, 2023, from: https://www.cire.pl/artykuly/materialy-problemowe/184446-nowoczesne-technologie-i-rozwiazania-wspierajace-oze-w-produkcji-energii-elektrycznej-oraz-sieci-dystrybucyjne.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Czarnecka, M., Chudy-Laskowska, K., Kinelski, G., Lew, G., Sadowska, B., Wójcik-Jurkiewicz, M., & Budka, B. (2022). Grants and funding for the processes of decarbonization in the scope of sustainability development—the case from Poland. Energies, 15(20), 7481. doi: 10.3390/en15207481.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Czarnecka, M., & Krazniewski, M. (2024). Solving energy justice in the European Union. In R. J. Heffron & L. de Fontenelle (Eds.), The Power of Energy Justice & the Social Contract. Just Transitions (pp. 193–197). Palgrave Macmillan. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-46282-5_26.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Dusiło, M. (2023). Transformacja energetyczna w Polsce Edycja 2023. Accessed 20 October, 2023, from: https://www.forum-energii.eu/public/upload/articles/files/Raport_Transformacja%20energetyczna%20Polski_2023.pdf.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Dziennik Ustaw. (2009). Ustawa z dnia 6 grudnia 2008 r. o podatku akcyzowym (Dz.U. 2009 nr 3 poz. 11).
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Dziennik Ustaw. (2015). Ustawa z dnia 20 lutego 2015 r. o odnawialnych źródłach energii (Dz.U. 2015 poz. 478).
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Elżbieciak, T. (2023). 700 metrów dla elektrowni wiatrowych zostaje. WysokieNapiecie.pl. Accessed 5 November, 2023, from: https://wysokienapiecie.pl/82544-700-metrow-dla-elektrowni-wiatrowych/.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Ember Climate. (2023). Poland. Accessed 7 November, 2023, from: https://ember-climate.org/countries-and-regions/countries/poland/.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Eneh, O. C., & Akah, P. A. (2012). Acute toxicity assessment of crude lead-extract from electronic waste materials in Nigeria. African Journal of Biotechnology, 11(88), 15430–15437. doi: 10.5897/ajb12.2476.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
European Commission. (2020). Commission Staff working document: Assessment of the final national energy and climate plan of Poland. Accessed 15 October, 2023, from: https://energy.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2021-01/staff_working_document_assessment_necp_poland_en_0.pdf.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
European Council. (2023). Renewable energy: Council adopts new rules. Accessed 4 November, 2023, from: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2023/10/09/renewable-energy-council-adopts-new-rules/.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Eurostat. (2023). Share of energy from renewable sources. Accessed 15 October, 2023, from: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/NRG_IND_REN__custom_7667253/default/table?lang=en.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Forum Energii. (2023). Transformacja energetyczna w Polsce. Edycja 2023. Accessed 7 November, 2023, from: https://www.forum-energii.eu/transformacja-energetyczna-w-polsce-edycja-2023.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Herranz-Surralles, A. (2024). The EU energy transition in a geopoliticizing world. Geopolitics, 29(5), 1882–1912. doi: 10.1080/14650045.2023.2283489.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hu, X., Meng, L., & Su, C. (2023). The coordinated operation strategy of multi-type power generations in different modes in prosumer with high renewables. Frontiers in Energy Research, 10, e1091574. doi: 10.3389/fenrg.2022.1091574.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
IEA. (2022). Poland 2022. Energy Policy Review. Accessed 15 October, 2023, from: https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b9ea5a7d-3e41-4318-a69e-f7d456ebb118/Poland2022.pdf.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Igliński, B., Iglińska, A., Cichosz, M., Kujawski, W., & Buczkowski, R. (2016). Renewable energy production in the Łódzkie Voivodeship. The PEST analysis of the RES in the voivodeship and in Poland. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 58, 737–750. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.341.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Jarosz, M. (2022). Jaka jest żywotność paneli słonecznych?. Fotowoltaikaonline.pl. Accessed 8 November, 2023, from: https://fotowoltaikaonline.pl/porady/zywotnosc-paneli-slonecznych.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Jones, C. A., Davison, A., & Lucas, C. (2023). Innocent heroes or self‐absorbed alarmists? A thematic review of the variety and effects of storylines about young people in climate change discourses. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate Change, 14(6), e853. doi: 10.1002/wcc.853.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kabeyi, M. J. B., & Olanrewaju, O. A. (2022). Sustainable energy transition for renewable and low carbon grid electricity generation and supply. Frontiers in Energy Research, 9, e743114. doi: 10.3389/fenrg.2021.743114.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kawecka-Wyrzykowska, E. (2022). Financing energy transition in Poland: Possible contribution of EU funds. European Integration Studies, 16, 65–77. doi: 10.5755/j01.eis.1.16.31152.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Krawczyńska, D., Hadasik, B., Ryczko, A., Przedworska, K., & Kubiczek, J. (2024). Pursuing European Green Deal milestones in times of war in Ukraine – a context of energy transition in Poland. Economics and Environment, 88(1), 736. doi: 10.34659/eis.2024.88.1.736.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kubiczek, J., Derej, W., Hadasik, B., & Matuszewska, A. (2023b). Chemical recycling of plastic waste as a mean to implement the circular economy model in the European Union. Journal of Cleaner Production, 406, 136951. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.136951.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kubiczek, J., Hadasik, B., Krawczyńska, D., Przedworska, K., & Ryczko, A. (2023a). Going beyond frontiers in household energy transition in Poland – a perspective. Frontiers in Energy Research, 11, e1239115. doi: 10.3389/fenrg.2023.1239115.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kubiczek, J., & Przedworska, K. (2024). Towards a green future: The Polish energy market and the potential of renewable energy sources. Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology. Organization & Management, 195, 345–356. doi: 10.29119/1641-3466.2024.195.21.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Micek, D. (2021). Społeczno-kulturowe uwarunkowania rozwoju energetyki rozproszonej w Polsce [working paper]. Accessed 8 November, 2023, from: https://www.er.agh.edu.pl/media/filer_public/71/e1/71e19ff4-ed84-4140-91f5-8a170632334f/raport_spoleczno-kulturowe_uwarunkowania_rozwoju_energetyki_rozproszonej_w_polsce.pdf.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Mihailova, M. (2020). The state of agriculture in Bulgaria – PESTLE analysis. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 26(5), 935–943.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Milčiuvienė, S., Kiršienė, J., Doheijo, E., Urbonas, R., & Milčius, D. (2019). The role of renewable energy prosumers in implementing energy justice theory. Sustainability, 11(19), 5286. doi: 10.3390/su11195286.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Mir Mohammadi Kooshknow, S. A. R., & Davis, C. B. (2018). Business models design space for electricity storage systems: Case study of the Netherlands. Journal of Energy Storage, 20, 590–604. doi: 10.1016/j.est.2018.10.001.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Mochi, P., Pandya, K. S., Faia, R., & Soares, J. (2023). Prosumer segmentation strategies for local electricity market partaking by monetary reward. IEEE Access: Practical Innovations, Open Solutions, 11, 62879–62891. doi: 10.1109/access.2023.3287323.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Mutz, M., Perovic, M., Gümbel, P., Steinbauer, V., Taranovskyy, A., Li, Y., Beran, L., Käfer, T., Dröder, K., Knoblauch, V., Kwade, A., Presser, V., Werth, D., & Kraus, T. (2023). Toward a Li‐ion battery ontology covering production and material structure. Energy Technology, 11(5), 2200681. doi: 10.1002/ente.202200681.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Nandonde, F. A. (2019). A PESTLE analysis of international retailing in the East African Community. Global Business and Organizational Excellence, 38(4), 54–61. doi: 10.1002/joe.21935.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Ostapenko, O., Olczak, P., Koval, V., Hren, L., Matuszewska, D., & Postupna, O. (2022). Application of geoinformation systems for assessment of effective integration of renewable energy technologies in the energy sector of Ukraine. Applied Sciences, 12(2), 592. doi: 10.3390/app12020592.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Parag, Y., & Sovacool, B. K. (2016). Electricity market design for the prosumer era. Nature Energy, 1(4), 16032. doi: 10.1038/nenergy.2016.32.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
PSE S.A. (2022). Kluczowe trendy globalne. Accessed 11 November, 2023, from: https://raport.pse.pl/nasza-strategia/kluczowe-trendy-globalne.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
PSE S.A. (2023a). PSE poleciły redukcję generacji źródeł OZE ze względów bilansowych (aktualizacja), Accessed 11 November, 2023, from: https://www.pse.pl/-/pse-polecily-redukcje-generacji-zrodel-oze-ze-wzgledow-bilansowy-1.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
PSE S.A. (2023b). PSE poleciły redukcję generacji źródeł OZE ze względów bilansowych. Accessed 11 November, 2023, from: https://www.pse.pl/-/pse-polecily-redukcje-generacji-zrodel-oze-ze-wzgledow-bilansowy-2.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Qazi, A., Hussain, F., Rahim, N. A., Hardaker, G., Alghazzawi, D., Shaban, K., & Haruna, K. (2019). Towards sustainable energy: A systematic review of renewable energy sources, technologies, and public opinions. IEEE Access, 7, 63837–63851. doi: 10.1109/access.2019.2906402.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Ravestein, P., van der Schrier, G., Haarsma, R., Scheele, R., & van den Broek, M. (2018). Vulnerability of European intermittent renewable energy supply to climate change and climate variability. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 97, 497–508. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2018.08.057.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Roemer, K. F., Haggerty, J. H. (2021). Coal communities and the U.S. energy transition: A policy corridors assessment. Energy Policy, 151, 112112. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2020.112112.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Roser, M. (2020). Why did renewables become so cheap so fast?. OurWorldInData.org. Accessed 4 November, 2023, from: https://ourworldindata.org/cheap-renewables-growth.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Ruszkowski, P. (2022). Ślad węglowy w świadomości społecznej. Energetyka–Społeczeństwo–Polityka, 1(10), 41–51.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Sammut-Bonnici, T., & Galea, D. (2015). PEST analysis. In Wiley Encyclopedia of Management (p. 1). Wiley. doi: 10.1002/9781118785317.weom120113.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Sawicki, B. (2023). Znów za dużo prądu w Polsce. Operator sieci musiał podjąć specjalne działania. Rzeczpospolita. Accessed 11 November, 2023, from: https://energia.rp.pl/oze/art38417431-znow-za-duzo-pradu-w-polsce-operator-sieci-musial-podjac-specjalne-dzialania.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Segreto, M., Principe, L., Desormeaux, A., Torre, M., Tomassetti, L., Tratzi, P., Paolini, V., & Petracchini, F. (2020). Trends in social acceptance of renewable energy across Europe—A literature review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(24), 9161. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17249161.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Skalamera, M. (2023). The geopolitics of energy after the invasion of Ukraine. The Washington Quarterly, 46(1), 7–24. doi: 10.1080/0163660x.2023.2190632.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Srivastav, A. L., Markandeya, Patel, N., Pandey, M., Pandey, A. K., Dubey, A. K., Kumar, A., Bhardwaj, A. K., & Chaudhary, V. K. (2023). Concepts of circular economy for sustainable management of electronic wastes: challenges and management options. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 30(17), 48654–48675. doi: 10.1007/s11356-023-26052-y.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Standar, A., Kozera, A., & Satoła, Ł. (2021). The importance of local investments co-financed by the European union in the field of renewable energy sources in rural areas of Poland. Energies, 14(2), 450. doi: 10.3390/en14020450.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Teotia, F., Mathuria, P., & Bhakar, R. (2020). Peer‐to‐peer local electricity market platform pricing strategies for prosumers. IET Generation, Transmission and Distribution, 14(20), 4388–4397. doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2019.0578.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Timilsina, G. R. (2021). Are renewable energy technologies cost competitive for electricity generation? Renewable Energy, 180, 658–672. doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2021.08.088.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Tora, M., Karbowniczek, M., & Tora, B. (2022). Fotowoltaika w Polsce: stan aktualny i perspektywy. Zeszyty Naukowe Instytutu Gospodarki Surowcami Mineralnymi i Energią PAN, 110, 111–118.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Tucki, K., Krzywonos, M., Orynycz, O., Kupczyk, A., Bączyk, A., & Wielewska, I. (2021). Analysis of the possibility of fulfilling the Paris Agreement by the Visegrad Group countries. Sustainability, 13(16), 8826. doi: 10.3390/su13168826.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Urząd Regulacji Energetyki. (2022). Charakterystyka rynku energii elektrycznej. Accessed 15 October, 2023, from: https://www.ure.gov.pl/pl/energia-elektryczna/charakterystyka-rynku/10372,2021.html.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Urząd Regulacji Energetyki. (2023). Wytwarzanie energii elektrycznej w Polsce w małych instalacjach OZE – Raport Prezesa URE za 2022 rok. Accessed 15 October, 2023, from: https://www.ure.gov.pl/download/3/16969/RAPORTart17za2022.pdf.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Vakulchuk, R., Overland, I., & Scholten, D. (2020). Renewable energy and geopolitics: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 122, 109547. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2019.109547.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Weißensteiner, L., Haas, R., & Auer, H. (2011). Offshore wind power grid connection—The impact of shallow versus super-shallow charging on the cost-effectiveness of public support. Energy Policy, 39(8), 4631–4643. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2011.05.006.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Worek, B., Kocór, M., Micek, D., Lisek, K., & Szczucka, A. (2021). Społeczny wymiar rozwoju energetyki rozproszonej w Polsce – kluczowe czynniki i wyzwania. Energetyka Rozproszona, 5–6, 105–117. doi: 10.7494/er.2021.5-6.105.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Zaworski, Ł. (2021). Postawy ekologiczne Polek i Polaków 2021. Accessed 8 October, 2023, from: https://autopay.pl/baza-wiedzy/badania-i-raporty/postawy-ekologiczne-polek-i-polakow-2021.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article

Concerns regarding the sustainable development of energy – opportunities and challenges for RES adoption in Poland

Abstract

Paradigm

My account