Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
Figure 4.
The selected principal studies on retail BMs
| Reference | Elements of BMs | Contribution to theory of BMs |
|---|---|---|
| Rudolph [2000] | Degree of centralization of management, levels of standardization of store formats, the share of own brands in the offer, And expansion rates | Typology of retailers based on offer (content retailer, channel retailer, global discounter) |
| Schweizer [2005] | Value chain constellation, competitive advantage/market power of the company, and revenue model | Typology of BMs: integrator, orchestrator, layer player, and market-maker |
| Zott and Amit [2010] | Content, structure, and governance | NICE design themes in BM: novelty, lock-in, complementarities, and efficiency |
| Sorescu et al. [2011] | Value appropriation based on operational efficiency, operational effectiveness, and customer lock-in | Innovative ways to implement the design themes into fast fashion model, self-service model, “name your own price” model, leverage complementarities, and adjacency model |
| Pels and Sheth [2017] | Market adaption, mission focus, radical innovation, and inclusive ecosystem | BM matrix (bottom-up/top-down) to serve low-income consumers in emerging markets |