Figure 1
Examples of actors, co-creative activities, and types of values exchanged on the TikTok platform_
| Actor on TikTok | Essence of co-creative activities | Co-Creation and exchange of value |
|---|---|---|
| Music Providers | Make value propositions through melodic, lyrical, cultural and other musical properties of their songs, and make musical content available as a resource for user integration in content | Values given to others: Musical resource value; symbolic, cultural and brand affinity associated with musical artist; content inspirational values, like psychomotor motivational value (i.e., giving cues on how users can dance to a song); potential tribal coalition signalling value Value attained from others: Increased audience exposure to music in terms of both reach, scope and the amount of time music is heard; Licensing and royalty payments from TikTok; Song resurrection value, where old songs receive new life; Potential spillover value, where users search for or listen to music on other platforms (i.e., Spotify or YouTube) |
| TikTok Users | Consider the value propositions of songs, and integrate musical resources in their generation of content on TikTok through a variety of means (such as dances, lip-syncs, memes, challenges) | Values given to others: Entertainment value; content value; attentional value; viral dissemination value; social psychological value (i.e., through reciprocity mechanisms) |
| TikTok Platform (ByteDance Ltd.) | Creates technological and institutional infrastructure which enables and constrains action of users and music providers on the platform | Values given to others: technological and institutional infrastructure of the platform; royalties and licensing from music providers; social network value; audience exposure value; creation of a context for value-in-social-context |