Forest stand height predicted from ICESat-2 ATLAS data for forest inventory and comparison to airborne laser scanning metrics

The counts of ICESat-2 ATLAS ATL08 dataset pixels, their mean height (H) and standard deviation of height (S_H) by measurement year and month compared to the forest mean height.

Tabel 1. Metsa keskmine kõrgus (H) ja standardhälve (S_H) ICESat-2 ATLAS pikslitel andmestikus ATL08 mõõtmisaja järgi võrrelduna puistute takseeritud kõrguse keskmisega.

Year-month Aasta-kuu	ICESat-2 ATLAS ATL08			Forest inventory / Puistud
Year-month Aasta-kuu	Count Arv	H (m)	S_H (m)	Count* Arv	H (m)	S_H (m)
2019-06	568	16.9	8.1	144	16.7	8.2
2019-07	204	15.0	5.9	57	15.0	5.9
2019-08	650	17.5	7.2	165	17.0	7.1
2019-09	546	18.6	7.7	144	18.3	7.7
2020-06	520	18.0	6.5	128	17.6	6.6
2020-07	1269	17.7	7.0	312	17.5	7.2
2020-08	613	18.0	6.7	144	17.4	7.1
2020-09	1019	17.7	6.8	255	17.3	6.7
2021-06	1316	16.7	6.7	308	16.2	7.0
2021-07	1158	17.5	7.1	269	17.2	6.8
2021-08	504	17.3	6.8	150	17.2	6.9
2021-09	377	17.0	6.9	98	16.8	6.6
2022-06	926	18.1	6.8	245	18.3	6.7
2022-07	1034	17.1	6.8	274	17.0	6.6
2022-08	959	17.7	7.2	243	17.2	7.2
2022-09	1048	17.4	6.6	250	17.3	6.6

* 120 stands measured two times and 1 stand measured three times.

Examples of the influence of ICESat-2 ATLAS scanning track on height difference of canopy surface height calculated from airborne laser scanning (ALS) data and ICESat-2 data ATLAS. The legend shows the ALS measurement time and number of observations. Labels for ALS data are “S” for summer and “K” for spring. Only strong impulses are shown for 2019; in 2020 and 2022 individual tracks contained only strong or weak impulses.
Joonis 2. Näiteid satelliidi ICESat-2 ATLAS skaneerimisraja mõjust satelliidilt ja lennukilt laserskanneriga (ALS) mõõdetud taimkatte pinna kõrguse erinevusele. Legendil on toodud ALS mõõtmisaeg ja ICESat-2 ATLAS pikslite arv. 2019. aasta suve andmetes on näidatud ainult tugevad impulsid, 2020. ja 2022. aasta andmetes sisaldasid rajad ainult nõrku või tugevaid impulsse.

Difference between the Estonian digital terrain elevation model (DEM) and the model used for ICESat-2 ATLAS ATL08 as a function of longitude and latitude (expressed with colour).
Joonis 3. Eesti ja ICESat-2 ATLAS ATL08 maapinna kõrgusmudelite erinevus sõltuvalt geograafilisest asukohast (värv vastab laiuskraadile).

Examples of the 95^th percentile of airborne laser scanning (ALS) point cloud height distribution and ICESat-2 ATLAS canopy surface height by year and growth season when ALS was done. The symbol colour corresponds to the ICESat-2 pixel location longitude.
Joonis 4. Lennukilt (ALS) ja kosmoselidariga ICESat-2 ATLAS tehtud lasers-kaneerimise andme-test arvutatud puistu pinnamudeli võrdlus ALS mõõtmisaja järgi. Sümboli värv kirjeldab ICESat-2 piksli asukoha geograafilist idapikkust.

Table A1.1.

Model coefficients. Abbreviations and variables: Eq. no – model equation number; Veg.p – vegetation period (‘k’=spring, ‘s’=summer); DF – degrees of freedom; H_ALS – 95^th percentile of airborne lidar point cloud height distribution (m); K_ALS – canopy cover at 2 m reference height over ground; Conifers – TRUE if evergreen conifers dominate the pixel; Peatland – TRUE if soil is deep peat; Weak.beam – TRUE if track was illuminated by weak beam; Track – label in ICESat-2 ATLAS ATL08 dataset (GT1L, GT1R, GT2L, GT2R, GT3L, GT3R).

Tabel A1.1. Mudelite parameetrid. Lühendid ja tähised: Eq. no – võrrandi number; Veg.p – kasvuperiood (‘k’=kevad, ‘s’=suvi); DF– vabadusastmete arv; H_ALS – aerolidari punktipilve kõrgusjaotuse 95-protsentiil; K_ALS – võrastiku katvus 2 m kõrgusel maapinnast; Conifers – TRUE, kui pikslil domineerisid igihaljad okaspuud; Peatland – TRUE, kui piksel asus sügaval turbamullal; Weak.beam – TRUE nõrga impulsiga valgustatud raja korral; Track – vaatluste rada ICESat-2 ATLAS ATL08 andmestiku järgi (GT1L, GT1R, GT2L, GT2R, GT3L, GT3R).

Model						Model variables						Track
Eq. No	Year	Veg.p	DF	R²	RSE (m)	Intercept	H_ALS (m)	K_ALS (%)	Conifers	Peatland	Weak. beam	GT1R	GT2L	GT2R	GT3L	GT3R
1	2019	k	422	0.95	1.77	0.232	1.015
2	2019	k	421	0.951	1.76	0.073	0.985	0.012
3	2019	k	420	0.951	1.76	0.077	0.984	0.013	−0.081
4	2019	k	419	0.951	1.75	0.222	0.971	0.017	−0.099	−0.513
5	2019	k	421	0.95	1.77	0.311	1.012				−0.379
6	2019	k	420	0.951	1.76	0.159	0.98	0.013			−0.46
7	2019	k	415	0.952	1.75	0.123	0.976	0.014	−0.041			0.037	−0.163	0.321	0.307	−1.172
1	2019	s	499	0.933	1.88	−0.387	1.026
2	2019	s	498	0.934	1.87	−1.124	0.987	0.018
3	2019	s	497	0.935	1.85	−1.561	0.987	0.02	0.558
4	2019	s	496	0.935	1.85	−1.578	0.987	0.02	0.606	−0.207
5	2019	s	498	0.932	1.88	−0.396	1.026				0.115
6	2019	s	497	0.934	1.87	−1.180	0.986	0.018			0.281
7	2019	s	492	0.936	1.84	−1.057	0.99	0.018	0.607			−0.169	−0.561	−0.551	−0.625	−0.773
1	2020	k	1144	0.914	1.72	−0.203	1.045
2	2020	k	1143	0.917	1.70	−0.543	1.00	0.017
3	2020	k	1142	0.917	1.70	−0.482	0.992	0.021	−0.259
4	2020	k	1141	0.917	1.69	−0.355	0.983	0.022	−0.239	−0.26
5	2020	k	1143	0.917	1.70	−0.009	1.04				−0.953
6	2020	k	1142	0.919	1.67	−0.347	0.995	0.017			−0.944
7	2020	k	1137	0.92	1.66	−0.204	0.994	0.018	−0.157			−1.299	−0.397	−0.791	0.017	−0.984
1	2020	s	957	0.942	1.74	−0.588	1.039
2	2020	s	956	0.942	1.73	−0.985	1.011	0.012
3	2020	s	955	0.945	1.69	−1.328	0.989	0.015	0.816
4	2020	s	954	0.945	1.69	−1.357	0.99	0.014	0.801	0.089
5	2020	s	956	0.943	1.73	−0.526	1.039				−0.811
6	2020	s	955	0.943	1.72	−0.898	1.013	0.011			−0.768
7	2020	s	950	0.947	1.66	−1.015	0.99	0.014	0.89			−1.264	−0.546	−0.855	−0.274	−1.396
1	2021	k	434	0.892	2.0	0.665	0.987
2	2021	k	433	0.896	1.97	0.218	0.947	0.019
3	2021	k	432	0.895	1.97	0.211	0.948	0.018	0.028
4	2021	k	431	0.896	1.96	0.242	0.941	0.021	0.117	−0.48
5	2021	k	433	0.893	1.99	0.889	0.98				−0.599
6	2021	k	432	0.897	1.96	0.443	0.94	0.019			−0.61
7	2021	k	427	0.898	1.94	0.4	0.95	0.017	−0.023			0.143	−1.613	−0.008	−1.2	−0.223
1	2021	s	791	0.939	1.82	−0.602	1.052
2	2021	s	790	0.94	1.81	−1.174	1.021	0.014
3	2021	s	789	0.94	1.81	−1.221	1.016	0.015	0.153
4	2021	s	788	0.94	1.81	−1.313	1.022	0.014	0.096	0.22
5	2021	s	790	0.939	1.82	−0.544	1.052				−0.518
6	2021	s	789	0.94	1.80	−1.154	1.019	0.015			−0.589
7	2021	s	784	0.941	1.79	−0.633	1.017	0.015	0.121			−0.432	−1.751	−0.625	−1.381	−0.631
1	2022	k	944	0.936	1.78	−0.665	1.043
2	2022	k	943	0.936	1.77	−1.13	1.014	0.013
3	2022	k	942	0.936	1.77	−1.122	1.014	0.014	−0.045
4	2022	k	941	0.936	1.77	−1.133	1.015	0.013	−0.047	0.048
5	2022	k	943	0.937	1.77	−0.521	1.038				−0.863
6	2022	k	942	0.937	1.76	−0.94	1.014	0.012			−0.763
7	2022	k	937	0.937	1.76	−2.184	1.017	0.011	0.012			1.306	0.303	1.061	1.172	1.204
1	2022	s	1374	0.923	1.64	−0.405	1.041
2	2022	s	1373	0.925	1.62	−1.371	1.01	0.018
3	2022	s	1372	0.926	1.60	−1.788	0.999	0.021	0.508
4	2022	s	1371	0.926	1.61	−1.771	0.997	0.021	0.515	−0.037
5	2022	s	1373	0.924	1.63	−0.303	1.039				−0.497
6	2022	s	1372	0.925	1.62	−1.216	1.011	0.016			−0.41
7	2022	s	1367	0.927	1.59	−1.995	1	0.019	0.544			0.376	−0.532	0.266	0.051	0.459

Table A1.2.

Significance (‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1) of model coefficients. Abbreviations and variables are the same as in Table A1.1.

Tabel A1.2. Mudelite parameetrite olulisus (‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1). Lühendid ja tähised on samad nagu tabelis A1.1.

Model			Significance / Olulisus
Eq. No	Year	Veg.p	Intercept	H_ALS (m)	K_ALS (%)	Conifers	Peatland	Weak. beam	GT1R	GT2L	GT2R	GT3L	GT3R
1	2019	k		***
2	2019	k		***	*
3	2019	k		***	*
4	2019	k		***	*		*
5	2019	k		***
6	2019	k		***	*
7	2019	k		***	*								**
1	2019	s	.	***
2	2019	s	***	***	**
3	2019	s	***	***	**	***
4	2019	s	***	***	***	***
5	2019	s	.	***
6	2019	s	***	***	**
7	2019	s	**	***	**	***				*		*	*
1	2020	k		***
2	2020	k	**	***	***
3	2020	k	**	***	***	*
4	2020	k	*	***	***	*	*
5	2020	k		***				***
6	2020	k	*	***	***			***
7	2020	k		***	***				***	**	**		***
1	2020	s	***	***
2	2020	s	***	***	***
3	2020	s	***	***	***	***
4	2020	s	***	***	***	***
5	2020	s	***	***				***
6	2020	s	***	***	**			***
7	2020	s	***	***	***	***			***	***	*	.	***
1	2021	k	*	***
2	2021	k		***	***
3	2021	k		***	**
4	2021	k		***	***		.
5	2021	k	**	***				*
6	2021	k		***	***			*
7	2021	k		***	**					*		*
1	2021	s	**	***
2	2021	s	***	***	**
3	2021	s	***	***	***
4	2021	s	***	***	**
5	2021	s	**	***				*
6	2021	s	***	***	***			**
7	2021	s		***	***					**		**
1	2022	k	***	***
2	2022	k	***	***	***
3	2022	k	***	***	***
4	2022	k	***	***	***
5	2022	k	**	***				***
6	2022	k	***	***	**			***
7	2022	k	***	***	**				***		**	*	**
1	2022	s	**	***
2	2022	s	***	***	***
3	2022	s	***	***	***	***
4	2022	s	***	***	***	***
5	2022	s	*	***				***
6	2022	s	***	***	***			**
7	2022	s	***	***	***	***			*	*			*

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/fsmu-2024-0001 | Journal eISSN: 1736-8723 | Journal ISSN: 1406-9954

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Language: English

Page range: 1 - 19

Published on: Dec 31, 2024

Published by: Estonian University of Life Sciences

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

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© 2024 Mait Lang, Tauri Tampuu, Heido Trofimov, published by Estonian University of Life Sciences
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 80 (2024): Issue 1 (December 2024)

Forest stand height predicted from ICESat-2 ATLAS data for forest inventory and comparison to airborne laser scanning metrics

Figures & Tables

Figure 1.

Table 1.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

Figure 4.

Table A1.1.

Table A1.2.

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