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Forest stand height predicted from ICESat-2 ATLAS data for forest inventory and comparison to airborne laser scanning metrics Cover

Forest stand height predicted from ICESat-2 ATLAS data for forest inventory and comparison to airborne laser scanning metrics

Open Access
|Dec 2024

Figures & Tables

Figure 1.

Density of ICESat-2 ATLAS measurements and years of airborne laser scanning (ALS) data. Labels for the Estonian ALS data are “S” for summer and “K” for spring.Joonis 1. ICESat-2 ATLAS mõõtmiste paiknemine ja Maa-ameti aerolaserskaneerimise aastad. Märgised näitavad suvist ja kevadist aerolidari andmestikku.
Density of ICESat-2 ATLAS measurements and years of airborne laser scanning (ALS) data. Labels for the Estonian ALS data are “S” for summer and “K” for spring.Joonis 1. ICESat-2 ATLAS mõõtmiste paiknemine ja Maa-ameti aerolaserskaneerimise aastad. Märgised näitavad suvist ja kevadist aerolidari andmestikku.

Figure 2.

Examples of the influence of ICESat-2 ATLAS scanning track on height difference of canopy surface height calculated from airborne laser scanning (ALS) data and ICESat-2 data ATLAS. The legend shows the ALS measurement time and number of observations. Labels for ALS data are “S” for summer and “K” for spring. Only strong impulses are shown for 2019; in 2020 and 2022 individual tracks contained only strong or weak impulses.Joonis 2. Näiteid satelliidi ICESat-2 ATLAS skaneerimisraja mõjust satelliidilt ja lennukilt laserskanneriga (ALS) mõõdetud taimkatte pinna kõrguse erinevusele. Legendil on toodud ALS mõõtmisaeg ja ICESat-2 ATLAS pikslite arv. 2019. aasta suve andmetes on näidatud ainult tugevad impulsid, 2020. ja 2022. aasta andmetes sisaldasid rajad ainult nõrku või tugevaid impulsse.
Examples of the influence of ICESat-2 ATLAS scanning track on height difference of canopy surface height calculated from airborne laser scanning (ALS) data and ICESat-2 data ATLAS. The legend shows the ALS measurement time and number of observations. Labels for ALS data are “S” for summer and “K” for spring. Only strong impulses are shown for 2019; in 2020 and 2022 individual tracks contained only strong or weak impulses.Joonis 2. Näiteid satelliidi ICESat-2 ATLAS skaneerimisraja mõjust satelliidilt ja lennukilt laserskanneriga (ALS) mõõdetud taimkatte pinna kõrguse erinevusele. Legendil on toodud ALS mõõtmisaeg ja ICESat-2 ATLAS pikslite arv. 2019. aasta suve andmetes on näidatud ainult tugevad impulsid, 2020. ja 2022. aasta andmetes sisaldasid rajad ainult nõrku või tugevaid impulsse.

Figure 3.

Difference between the Estonian digital terrain elevation model (DEM) and the model used for ICESat-2 ATLAS ATL08 as a function of longitude and latitude (expressed with colour).Joonis 3. Eesti ja ICESat-2 ATLAS ATL08 maapinna kõrgusmudelite erinevus sõltuvalt geograafilisest asukohast (värv vastab laiuskraadile).
Difference between the Estonian digital terrain elevation model (DEM) and the model used for ICESat-2 ATLAS ATL08 as a function of longitude and latitude (expressed with colour).Joonis 3. Eesti ja ICESat-2 ATLAS ATL08 maapinna kõrgusmudelite erinevus sõltuvalt geograafilisest asukohast (värv vastab laiuskraadile).

Figure 4.

Examples of the 95th percentile of airborne laser scanning (ALS) point cloud height distribution and ICESat-2 ATLAS canopy surface height by year and growth season when ALS was done. The symbol colour corresponds to the ICESat-2 pixel location longitude.Joonis 4. Lennukilt (ALS) ja kosmoselidariga ICESat-2 ATLAS tehtud lasers-kaneerimise andme-test arvutatud puistu pinnamudeli võrdlus ALS mõõtmisaja järgi. Sümboli värv kirjeldab ICESat-2 piksli asukoha geograafilist idapikkust.
Examples of the 95th percentile of airborne laser scanning (ALS) point cloud height distribution and ICESat-2 ATLAS canopy surface height by year and growth season when ALS was done. The symbol colour corresponds to the ICESat-2 pixel location longitude.Joonis 4. Lennukilt (ALS) ja kosmoselidariga ICESat-2 ATLAS tehtud lasers-kaneerimise andme-test arvutatud puistu pinnamudeli võrdlus ALS mõõtmisaja järgi. Sümboli värv kirjeldab ICESat-2 piksli asukoha geograafilist idapikkust.

Model coefficients_ Abbreviations and variables: Eq_ no – model equation number; Veg_p – vegetation period (‘k’=spring, ‘s’=summer); DF – degrees of freedom; HALS – 95th percentile of airborne lidar point cloud height distribution (m); KALS – canopy cover at 2 m reference height over ground; Conifers – TRUE if evergreen conifers dominate the pixel; Peatland – TRUE if soil is deep peat; Weak_beam – TRUE if track was illuminated by weak beam; Track – label in ICESat-2 ATLAS ATL08 dataset (GT1L, GT1R, GT2L, GT2R, GT3L, GT3R)_Tabel A1_1_ Mudelite parameetrid_ Lühendid ja tähised: Eq_ no – võrrandi number; Veg_p – kasvuperiood (‘k’=kevad, ‘s’=suvi); DF– vabadusastmete arv; HALS – aerolidari punktipilve kõrgusjaotuse 95-protsentiil; KALS – võrastiku katvus 2 m kõrgusel maapinnast; Conifers – TRUE, kui pikslil domineerisid igihaljad okaspuud; Peatland – TRUE, kui piksel asus sügaval turbamullal; Weak_beam – TRUE nõrga impulsiga valgustatud raja korral; Track – vaatluste rada ICESat-2 ATLAS ATL08 andmestiku järgi (GT1L, GT1R, GT2L, GT2R, GT3L, GT3R)_

Model Model variablesTrack



Eq. NoYearVeg.pDFR2RSE (m)InterceptHALS (m)KALS (%)ConifersPeatlandWeak. beamGT1RGT2LGT2RGT3LGT3R
12019k4220.951.770.2321.015
22019k4210.9511.760.0730.9850.012
32019k4200.9511.760.0770.9840.013−0.081
42019k4190.9511.750.2220.9710.017−0.099−0.513
52019k4210.951.770.3111.012 −0.379
62019k4200.9511.760.1590.980.013 −0.46
72019k4150.9521.750.1230.9760.014−0.041 0.037−0.1630.3210.307−1.172
12019s4990.9331.88−0.3871.026
22019s4980.9341.87−1.1240.9870.018
32019s4970.9351.85−1.5610.9870.020.558
42019s4960.9351.85−1.5780.9870.020.606−0.207
52019s4980.9321.88−0.3961.026 0.115
62019s4970.9341.87−1.1800.9860.018 0.281
72019s4920.9361.84−1.0570.990.0180.607 −0.169−0.561−0.551−0.625−0.773
12020k11440.9141.72−0.2031.045
22020k11430.9171.70−0.5431.000.017
32020k11420.9171.70−0.4820.9920.021−0.259
42020k11410.9171.69−0.3550.9830.022−0.239−0.26
52020k11430.9171.70−0.0091.04 −0.953
62020k11420.9191.67−0.3470.9950.017 −0.944
72020k11370.921.66−0.2040.9940.018−0.157 −1.299−0.397−0.7910.017−0.984
12020s9570.9421.74−0.5881.039
22020s9560.9421.73−0.9851.0110.012
32020s9550.9451.69−1.3280.9890.0150.816
42020s9540.9451.69−1.3570.990.0140.8010.089
52020s9560.9431.73−0.5261.039 −0.811
62020s9550.9431.72−0.8981.0130.011 −0.768
72020s9500.9471.66−1.0150.990.0140.89 −1.264−0.546−0.855−0.274−1.396
12021k4340.8922.00.6650.987
22021k4330.8961.970.2180.9470.019
32021k4320.8951.970.2110.9480.0180.028
42021k4310.8961.960.2420.9410.0210.117−0.48
52021k4330.8931.990.8890.98 −0.599
62021k4320.8971.960.4430.940.019 −0.61
72021k4270.8981.940.40.950.017−0.023 0.143−1.613−0.008−1.2−0.223
12021s7910.9391.82−0.6021.052
22021s7900.941.81−1.1741.0210.014
32021s7890.941.81−1.2211.0160.0150.153
42021s7880.941.81−1.3131.0220.0140.0960.22
52021s7900.9391.82−0.5441.052 −0.518
62021s7890.941.80−1.1541.0190.015 −0.589
72021s7840.9411.79−0.6331.0170.0150.121 −0.432−1.751−0.625−1.381−0.631
12022k9440.9361.78−0.6651.043
22022k9430.9361.77−1.131.0140.013
32022k9420.9361.77−1.1221.0140.014−0.045
42022k9410.9361.77−1.1331.0150.013−0.0470.048
52022k9430.9371.77−0.5211.038 −0.863
62022k9420.9371.76−0.941.0140.012 −0.763
72022k9370.9371.76−2.1841.0170.0110.012 1.3060.3031.0611.1721.204
12022s13740.9231.64−0.4051.041
22022s13730.9251.62−1.3711.010.018
32022s13720.9261.60−1.7880.9990.0210.508
42022s13710.9261.61−1.7710.9970.0210.515−0.037
52022s13730.9241.63−0.3031.039 −0.497
62022s13720.9251.62−1.2161.0110.016 −0.41
72022s13670.9271.59−1.99510.0190.544 0.376−0.5320.2660.0510.459

Significance (‘***’ 0_001 ‘**’ 0_01 ‘*’ 0_05 ‘_’ 0_1 ‘ ’ 1) of model coefficients_ Abbreviations and variables are the same as in Table A1_1_Tabel A1_2_ Mudelite parameetrite olulisus (‘***’ 0_001 ‘**’ 0_01 ‘*’ 0_05 ‘_’ 0_1 ‘ ’ 1)_ Lühendid ja tähised on samad nagu tabelis A1_1_

ModelSignificance / Olulisus


Eq. NoYearVeg.pInterceptHALS (m)KALS (%)ConifersPeatlandWeak. beamGT1RGT2LGT2RGT3LGT3R
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The counts of ICESat-2 ATLAS ATL08 dataset pixels, their mean height (H) and standard deviation of height (SH) by measurement year and month compared to the forest mean height_Tabel 1_ Metsa keskmine kõrgus (H) ja standardhälve (SH) ICESat-2 ATLAS pikslitel andmestikus ATL08 mõõtmisaja järgi võrrelduna puistute takseeritud kõrguse keskmisega_

Year-month Aasta-kuuICESat-2 ATLAS ATL08Forest inventory / Puistud


Count ArvH (m)SH (m)Count* ArvH (m)SH (m)
2019-0656816.98.114416.78.2
2019-0720415.05.95715.05.9
2019-0865017.57.216517.07.1
2019-0954618.67.714418.37.7
2020-0652018.06.512817.66.6
2020-07126917.77.031217.57.2
2020-0861318.06.714417.47.1
2020-09101917.76.825517.36.7
2021-06131616.76.730816.27.0
2021-07115817.57.126917.26.8
2021-0850417.36.815017.26.9
2021-0937717.06.99816.86.6
2022-0692618.16.824518.36.7
2022-07103417.16.827417.06.6
2022-0895917.77.224317.27.2
2022-09104817.46.625017.36.6
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/fsmu-2024-0001 | Journal eISSN: 1736-8723 | Journal ISSN: 1406-9954
Language: English
Page range: 1 - 19
Published on: Dec 31, 2024
Published by: Estonian University of Life Sciences
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 2 issues per year

© 2024 Mait Lang, Tauri Tampuu, Heido Trofimov, published by Estonian University of Life Sciences
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.