Alien trees and shrubs of Latvia – evaluation of current status and invasiveness

Evarte-Bundere, Gunta; Evarts-Bunders, Pēteris; Mežaka, Anna; Bojāre, Aiva

doi:10.2478/fsmu-2022-0001

Figures & Tables

The locations of the studied dendrological plantations in Latvia.

Share of the assessed species by origin.

Distribution of alien trees and shrubs by invasiveness status.

Number of studied tree and shrub taxa among invasiveness statuses and risk classes.

Number of studied tree and shrub taxa among origins and risk classes.

Contributing associations between species invasiveness risk classes (High, Intermediate, Low) and species statuses (Transformer, Invasive, Casual, Dual, Natural) (A) and species invasiveness risk classes and species reproduction strategies (Seeds, Vegetative, Seeds/Vegetative) (B) based on Pearson’s residuals obtained from the Chi-squared test results. The colour map refers to Pearson’s residual values and the circle size refers to the magnitude of positive or negative associations.

j_fsmu-2022-0001_apptab_001

No	Species	Family	First reported in the area	Origin	Status of alien taxa	Vector	Type of spreading	Species distribution in Latvia (grid cells)	Invasiveness risk	Risk class
1.	Abies alba Mill.	Pinaceae	1817	Europe	casual	H	s	150	22	II
2.	Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.	Pinaceae	1805	N America	casual	H	s	172	24	II
3.	Abies concolor (Gordon & Glend.) Lindl. ex Hildebr.	Pinaceae	1888	N America	casual	H	s	147	24	II
4.	Abies nordmanniana (Stev.) Spach	Pinaceae	1867	Europe	casual	H	s	22	24	II
5.	Abies sibirica Ledeb.	Pinaceae	1856	Asia	casual	H	s	362	21	II
6.	Abies × phanerolepis Fernald	Pinaceae	-	N America	casual	H	s	204	23	II
7.	Acer barbinerve Maxim.	Aceraceae	1957	East Asia	casual	H	s	8	22	II
8.	Acer campestre L.	Aceraceae	1805	Europe, Asia Minor	casual	H	s	73	26	II
9.	Acer circinatum Pursh	Aceraceae	1963	N America	casual	H	s	8	22	II
10.	Acer mono Maxim. var. mayrii (Schwer.) Nakai	Aceraceae	1969	East Asia	casual	H	s	5	22	II
11.	Acer negundo L.	Aceraceae	1817	N America	transformer	H	s/v	498	34	III
12.	Acer palmatum Thunb. subsp. amoenum (Carriėre) Hara	Aceraceae	1958	Eurasia	casual	H	s	1	21	II
13.	Acer platanoides ‘Crimson King’	Aceraceae	-	Cultivar	casual	H	s	17	24	II
14.	Acer platanoides ‘Schwedleri’	Aceraceae	1883	Cultivar	casual	H	s	44	26	II
15.	Acer pseudoplatanus L.	Aceraceae	1804	Eurasia	invasive	H	s	210	31	III
16.	Acer pseudoplatanus ‘Purpurascens’	Aceraceae	1805	Cultivar	invasive	H	s	17	29	III
17.	Acer pseudosieboldianum (Pax) Kom.	Aceraceae	-	East Asia	casual	H	s	10	24	II
18.	Acer saccharinum L.	Aceraceae	1805	N America	casual	H	s	119	25	II
19.	Acer tataricum L. subsp. ginnala (Maxim.) Wesm.	Aceraceae	1876	Eurasia	casual	H	s	280	29	III
20.	Acer tataricum L. subsp. tataricum	Aceraceae	1805	Eurasia	casual	H	s	178	27	II
21.	Acer tegmentosum Maxim.	Aceraceae	1880	Eurasia	casual	H	s	9	22	II
22.	Aesculus hippocastanum L.	Hippocastanaceae	1805	Europe, Asia Minor	casual	H	s	996	20	I
23.	Amelanchier spicata (Lam.) K. Koch	Rosaceae	1888	N America	invasive	H	s	1235	31	III
24.	Aralia elata (Miq.) Seem.	Araliaacee	1877	East Asia	casual	H	v	38	20	I
25.	Aronia × prunifolia ‘Floribunda’	Rosaceae	1902	Cultivar	invasive	H	s/v	371	27	II
26.	Artemisia abrotanum L.	Asteraceae	-	Europe	casual	H	-	178	21	II
27.	Berberis thunbergii DC	Berberidaceae	1880	East Asia	casual	H	s	324	26	II
28.	Berberis vulgaris ‘Atropurpurea’	Berberidaceae	-	Cultivar	casual	H	s	-	26	II
29.	Caragana arborescens Lam.	Fabaceae	1805	East Asia	invasive	H	s/v	1256	28	III
30.	Caragana frutex (L.) K. Koch	Fabaceae	1817	Eurosibiria	invasive	H	s/v	269	26	II
31.	Carpinus betulus L.	Corylaceae	-	Europe	dual status	H	s	190	21	II
32.	Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb.	Celastraceae	1873	East Asia	casual	H	s/v	60	29	III
33.	Cerasus avium (L.) Moench	Rosaceae	1778	Europe, Asia Minor	invasive	F	s/v	314	25	II
34.	Cerasus tomentosa (Thunb.) Wall.	Rosaceae	1930	East Asia	casual	F	s/v	43	29	III
35.	Cerasus vulgaris Mill.	Rosaceae	-	Cultivar	invasive	F	s/v	-	29	III
36.	Chaenomeles japonica (Thunb.) Lind. ex Spach	Rosaceae	1867	East Asia	casual	F,H	s	365	25	II
37.	Chamaecytisus ratisbonensis (Schaeff.) Rothm.	Fabaceae	1888	Europe, Siberia	casual	H	s/v	21	25	II
38.	Clematis recta L.	Ranunculaceae	1976	Europe	casual	H	s/v	12	27	II
39.	Cotoneaster dammerii C. K. Schneid.	Rosaceae	1960	East Asia	casual	H	s	26	24	II
40.	Cotoneaster lucidus Schlecht.	Rosaceae	1884	Asia	invasive	H	s	612	29	III
41.	Cotoneaster multiflorus Bunge	Rosaceae	1888	Asia	casual	H	s	18	22	II
42.	Crataegus alemanniensis Cinovskis	Rosaceae	1971	Europe	naturalized	H	s	358	25	II
43.	Crataegus douglasii Lindl.	Rosaceae	1867	N America	casual	H	s	64	24	II
44.	Crataegus flabellata (Bosc) K. Koch	Rosaceae	1965	N America	casual	H	s	71	24	II
45.	Crataegus laevigata (Poir.) DC	Rosaceae	-	Europe	dual status	H	s	-	25	II
46.	Crataegus monogyna Jacq.	Rosaceae	1859	Europe	casual	H	s	23	25	II
47.	Crataegus submollis Sarg.	Rosaceae	1856	N America	casual	H	s	216	24	II
48.	Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link	Fabaceae	1892	Europe	invasive	H	s	42	22	II
49.	Elaeagnus angustifolia L.	Elaeagnaceae	1817	Eurasia	casual	H	s/v	15	22	II
50.	Elaeagnus argentea Pursh.	Elaeagnaceae	1877	N America	invasive	H	s/v	187	31	III
51.	Euonymus nanus M. Bieb.	Celastraceae	1867	Eurasia	casual	H	s/v	32	25	II
52.	Fagus sylvatica L.	Fagaceae	1805	Europe	invasive	H	s	263	23	II
53.	Fagus sylvatica ‘Purpurea Latifolia’	Fagaceae	-	Cultivar	invasive	H	s	-	24	II
54.	Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl	Oleaceae	1880	East Asia	casual	H	v	64	24	II
55.	Forsythia × intermedia Zabel	Oleaceae	1894	Cultivar	casual	H	v	123	24	II
56.	Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marchall	Oleaceae	1821	N America	casual	H	s	117	24	II
57.	Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marchall var. subinetegerrima (Vahl) Fern.	Oleaceae	1856	N America	casual	H	s	117	24	II
58.	Genista tinctoria L.	Fabaceae	1805	Eurosibiria	casual	H	s	23	20	I
59.	Grossularia reclinata (L.) Mill. var. reclinata	Grossulariaceae	-	Europe	naturalized	F	s	481	27	II
60.	Grossularia reclinata (L.) Mill. var. uva-crispa (L.) Berger	Grossulariaceae	-	Europe	naturalized	F	s	-	24	II
61.	Hedera helix L. var. helix	Araliaceae	1817	Europe	casual	H	v	41	18	I
62.	Hedera hibernica (Kirchn.) Bean	Araliaceae	1867	Europe	casual	H	v	9	18	I
63.	Hippophaë rhamnoides L.	Elaeagnaceae	1817	Eurasia	invasive	F,H	s/v	230	28	III
64.	Hydrangea paniculata ‘Grandiflora’	Hydrangeaceae	1884	Cultivar	casual	H	s	49	24	II
65.	Hyssopus officinalis L.	Labiatae	-	Europe	casual	F	s	-	19	I
66.	Juglans ailanthifolia Carriėre	Juglandaceae	1884	East Asia	casual	H	s	52	27	II
67.	Juglans cinerea L.	Juglandaceae	1847	N America	casual	H	s	242	27	II
68.	Juglans mandshurica Maxim.	Juglandaceae	1910	East Asia	casual	H	s	119	27	II
69.	Juniperus sabina L.	Cupressaceae	1819	Eurasia	casual	H	s	143	24	II
70.	Larix decidua Mill.	Pinaceae	1805	Europe	naturalized	H	s	763	25	II
71.	Lavandula angustifolia Mill.	Labiatae	-	Europe	casual	F,H	s	7	16	I
72.	Ligustrum vulgare L.	Oleaceae	1805	Europe, Asia Minor	naturalized	H	s	378	22	II
73.	Lonicera caerulea L.	Caprifoliaceae	1805	Eurasia	casual	H	s	26	22	II
74.	Lonicera caprifolium L.	Caprifoliaceae	1805	Europe	casual	H	s/v	377	24	II
75.	Lonicera periclymenum L.	Caprifoliaceae	1805	Europe	casual	H	s/v	112	24	II
76.	Lonicera tatarica L.	Caprifoliaceae	1805	Eurasia	naturalized	H	s	573	27	II
77.	Lycium barbarum L.	Solanaceae	1805	Eurasia	casual	H	s/v	27	21	II
78.	Mahonia aquifolium L.	Berberidaceae	1853	N America	casual	H	s	178	24	II
79.	Malus baccata (L.) Borkh.	Rosaceae	1805	East Asia	casual	H	s	33	27	II
80.	Malus domestica Borkh.	Rosaceae	1778	Cultivar	invasive	F	s	117	27	II
81.	Malus pumila Mill.	Rosaceae	1805	Cultivar	casual	H	s	4	22	II
82.	Malus × purpurea (Barbier) Rehder	Rosaceae	1956	Cultivar	casual	H	s	29	24	II
83.	Malus sachalinensis Juz.	Rosaceae	1959	East Asia	casual	H	s	7	24	II
84.	Malus sieboldii (Regel) Rehder	Rosaceae	1885	East Asia	casual	H	s	20	24	II
85.	Malus sieversii (Ledeb.) M. Roem.	Rosaceae	1888	Asia	casual	H	s	27	24	II
86.	Oxycoccus macrocarpus (Aiton) Pursh.	Ericaceae	-	N America	casual	F	s	-	27	II
87.	Padus maackii (Rupr.) Kom.	Rosaceae	1956	N America	casual	H	s	28	23	II
88.	Padus serotina (Ehrh.) Borkh.	Rosaceae	1805	N America	casual	H	s	38	23	II
89.	Parthenocissus inserta (A. Kern.) Fritsch	Vitaceae	1929	N America	casual	H	s/v	24	26	II
90.	Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch.	Vitaceae	1847	N America	invasive	H	s/v	210	31	III
91.	Pentaphylloides fruticosa (L.) O. Schwarz	Rosaceae	-	Cultivar	dual status	H	s	86	24	II
92.	Philadelphus coronarius L.	Hydrangeaceae	1805	Europe	casual	H	s	1229	21	II
93.	Philadelphus pubescens Loisel. var. verrucosus (Schrad.) S.Y.Hu	Hydrangeaceae	1856	N America	casual	H	s	474	23	II
94.	Physocarpus opulifolius (L.) Maxim.	Rosaceae	1805	N America	invasive	H	s/v	366	29	III
95.	Picea glauca (Moench) Voss	Pinaceae	1805	N America	casual	H	s	194	24	II
96.	Pinus mugo Turra	Pinaceae	1805	Europe	casual	H	s	103	22	II
97.	Pinus strobus L.	Pinaceae	1805	N America	casual	H,T	s	166	27	II
98.	Populus alba L.	Salicaceae	1805	Eurasia	invasive	H	s/v	451	27	II
99.	Populus alba ‘Nivea’	Salicaceae	-	Cultivar	casual	H	v	-	26	II
100.	Populus balsamifera L.	Salicaceae	1805	N America	naturalized	H	s/v	618	26	II
101.	Populus × berolinensis K. Koch	Salicaceae	1879	Europe	casual	H	-	118	20	I
102.	Populus × canadensis Moench	Salicaceae	-	Cultivar	naturalized	H	v	251	20	I
103.	Populus × canescens (Aiton) Sm.	Salicaceae	-	Europe, Asia Minor	naturalized	H	v	173	20	I
104.	Populus ‘Lettland’	Salicaceae	-	Cultivar	invasive	H	v	349	20	I
105.	Populus laurifolia Ledeb.	Salicaceae	1856	Asia	invasive	H,T	s/v	69	29	III
106.	Populus longifolia Fisch.	Salicaceae	1847	N America	invasive	H	s/v	298	29	III
107.	Populus trichocarpa Torr. & A. Gray	Salicaceae	1913	N America	casual	H,T	v	33	20	I
108.	Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. var. divaricata (Ledeb.) Bailey	Rosaceae	1883	Europe, Asia Minor	invasive	F,H	s/v	366	29	III
109.	Prunus domestica L. var. instititia (L.) C.K. Schneid.	Rosaceae	1888	Europe	invasive	F,H	s/v	15	29	III
110.	Prunus spinosa L.	Rosaceae	-	Europe	dual status	H	s/v	-	27	II
111.	Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. menziesii	Pinaceae	1888	N America	casual	H	s	153	24	II
112.	Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco	Pinaceae	1883	N America	casual	H	s	162	24	II
113.	Pterocarya fraxinifolia (Poir.) Spach	Juglandaceae	1867	Asia	casual	H	v	14	20	I
114.	Pyrus communis L.	Rosaceae	-	Europe	casual	F	s	-	25	II
115.	Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.	Fagaceae	1968	Europe	casual	H	s	13	18	I
116.	Quercus rubra L.	Fagaceae	1859	N America	invasive	H,T	s	183	27	II
117.	Rododendron catawbiense Michx.	Ericaceae	1872	N America	casual	H	s	32	24	II
118.	Rododendron japonicum (A.Gray) J.V. Suringar	Ericaceae	1877	East Asia	casual	H	s	50	24	II
119.	Rhus typhina L.	Anacardiaceae	1817	N America	casual	H	v	152	20	I
120.	Ribes nigrum L.	Grossulariaceae	-	Eurasia	dual status	F	v/s	1646	26	II
121.	Ribes rubrum L.	Grossulariaceae	-	Europe	naturalized	F	s	1408	27	II
122.	Robinia luxurians (Diec ex Goehabitatze) C.K. Schneid.	Fabaceae	1909	N America	invasive	H	s	67	22	II
123.	Robinia pseudoacacia L.	Fabaceae	1805	N America	invasive	H	s	323	25	II
124.	Robinia pseudoacacia ‘Semperflorens’	Fabaceae	-	Cultivar	invasive	H	s	-	22	II
125.	Robinia viscosa var. hartwigii (Koehne) Ashe	Fabaceae	1961	N America	invasive	H	s	45	22	II
126.	Rosa glabrifolia C.A. Mey. ex Rupr.	Rosaceae	1894	Europe, Siberia	naturalized	H	s	172	24	II
127.	Rosa glauca Pourr.	Rosaceae	1888	Europe	naturalized	H	s	195	27	II
128.	Rosa × malyi A. Kern.	Rosaceae	-	Cultivar	invasive	H	s/v	-	29	III
129.	Rosa pimpinellifolia L.	Rosaceae	1805	Cultivar	invasive	H	s/v	1140	29	III
130.	R. pomifera Herrm. subsp. pomifera	Rosaceae	1894	Europe, Asia Minor	casual	H	s	156	26	II
131.	Rosa × regeliana Linden & Andr	Rosaceae	-	Cultivar	invasive	H	s/v	-	31	III
132.	Rosa rugosa Thunb.	Rosaceae	1888	East Asia	invasive	H	s/v	872	33	III
133.	Rubus odoratus L.	Rosaceae	1805	N America	naturalized	H	s/v	64	24	II
134.	Rubus parviflorus Nutt.	Rosaceae	1859	N America	casual	H	s/v	15	24	II
135.	Salix acutifolia Willd.	Salicaceae	-	Europe	dual status	H	s/v	510	27	II
136.	Salix acutifolia × S. daphnoides	Salicaceae	-	Cultivar	dual status	H	s/v	167	27	II
137.	Salix alba L.	Salicaceae	-	Europe	dual status	H	s/v	1349	29	III
138.	Salix alba ‘Britzensis’	Salicaceae	-	Cultivar	casual	H	s/v	-	26	II
139.	Salix alba ‘Sericea’	Salicaceae	1875	Cultivar	naturalized	H	s/v	417	29	III
140.	Salix alba ‘Vitellina’	Salicaceae	1805	Cultivar	casual	H	s/v	129	29	III
141.	Salix daphnoides Vill.	Salicaceae	1839	Europe	naturalized	H	s/v	271	29	III
142.	Salix euxina I.V. Belyaeva	Salicaceae	1791	Europe	naturalized	H	s/v	1974	27	II
143.	Salix purpurea ‘Lambertiana’	Salicaceae	-	Cultivar	casual	H	s/v	-	26	II
144.	Salix × fragilis L.	Salicaceae	1853	Cultivar	naturalized	H	s/v	92	28	III
145.	Sambucus nigra L.	Caprifoliaceae	1805	Europe, Asia Minor	invasive	H	s	487	23	II
146.	Sambucus racemosa L.	Caprifoliaceae	1805	Eurasia	invasive	H	s	1048	27	II
147.	Sambucus racemosa ‘Plumosa’	Caprifoliaceae	-	Cultivar	casual	H	s	-	24	II
148.	Sorbaria sorbifolia (L.) A. Braun	Rosaceae	1805	Asia	transformer	H	s/v	705	27	II
149.	Spiraea alba Du Roi	Rosaceae	1885	N America	invasive	H	s/v	717	28	III
150.	Spiraea betulifolia Pall.	Rosaceae	1960	East Asia	casual	H	s	18	21	II
151.	Spiraea × billardii Herincq.	Rosaceae	1856	Cultivar	invasive	H	v	283	28	III
152.	Spiraea chamaedryfolia L.	Rosaceae	1805	Asia	invasive	H	s	702	22	II
153.	Spiraea douglasii Hook.	Rosaceae	1847	N America	casual	H	s/v	12	23	II
154.	Spiraea japonica L.	Rosaceae	1859	Cultivar	casual	H	-	113	22	II
155.	Spiraea latifolia (Aiton) Borkh.	Rosaceae	1817	N America	casual	H	-	47	20	I
156.	Spiraea media F. Schmidt	Rosaceae	1856	Eurasia	naturalized	H	-	405	21	II
157.	Spiraea menziesii Hook.	Rosaceae	1913	N America	casual	H	-	5	20	I
158.	Spiraea nipponica Maxim.	Rosaceae	1964	East Asia	casual	H	-	14	18	I
159.	Spiraea × rosalba Dippel	Rosaceae	-	Cultivar	invasive	H	v	47	29	III
160.	Swida alba (L.) Opiz	Cornaceae	1805	Asia	invasive	H	v	441	29	III
161.	Swida alba ‘Sibirica’	Cornaceae	-	Cultivar	casual	H	v	-	25	II
162.	Swida sericea L.	Cornaceae	1817	N America	casual	H	v	25	26	II
163.	Swida sericea ‘Flaviramea’	Cornaceae	-	Cultivar	casual	H	v	-	25	II
164.	Symphoricarpos albus (L.) S. F. Blake var. laevigatus (Fernald) S. F. Blake	Caprifoliaceae	1805	N America	invasive	H	s/v	932	33	III
165.	Syringa josikaea Jacq. Fil. ex Rchb.	Oleaceae	1847	Europe	casual	H	s	349	17	I
166.	Syringa villosa Vahl	Oleaceae	1955	Asia	naturalized	H	s	376	19	I
167.	Syringa vulgaris L.	Oleaceae	1805	Europe	invasive	H	v	1565	26	II
168.	Teucrium chamaedrys L.	Labiatae	-	Europe	dual status	H	s	-	19	I
169.	Thuja occidentalis L.	Cupressaceae	1805	N America	casual	H	s	1047	25	II
170.	Thymus marschallianus Willd.	Labiatae	1932	Eurasia	casual	H	s	9	17	I
171.	Tilia platyphyllos Scop. subsp. cordifolia	Tiliaceae	1805	Europe	naturalized	H	s	190	25	II
172.	Toxicodendron pubescens Mill.	Anacardiaceae	-	N America	casual	H	v	-	23	II
173.	Ulmus minor Mill.	Ulmaceae	1877	Europe	naturalized	H	s	88	22	II
174.	Ulmus minor Mill. f. suberosa (Moench) Cin.	Ulmaceae	-	Europe	casual	H	s	18	22	II
175.	Ulmus pumila L.	Ulmaceae	1956	N America	naturalized	H	s	15	24	II
176.	Viburnum lantana L.	Caprifoliaceae	1805	Europe	naturalized	H	s	157	25	II
177.	Vinca major L.	Apocynaceae	1856	Europe, Asia Minor	casual	H	v	4	19	I
178.	Vinca minor L.	Apocynaceae	1856	Europe, Asia Minor	invasive	H	v	136	26	II

Alien trees and shrubs of Latvia – evaluation of current status and invasiveness

Figures & Tables

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j_fsmu-2022-0001_apptab_001

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