Table 1.
Sociodemographic characteristics of preterm neonates diagnosed with neonatal sepsis admitted in NICU ward of Government Hospitals in Southwest Ethiopia, from March 2021 to January 30, 2022 (N = 354), N (%).
| Variables and category | Total | Outcome status | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Censored | Death | ||
| Age (days) | |||
| ≤7 | 345 (97.46) | 224 (64.93) | 121 (35.07) |
| 8–28 | 9 (2.54) | 9 (100.0) | - |
| Gender | |||
| Female | 176 (49.72) | 122 (69.32) | 54 (30.68) |
| Male | 178 (50.28) | 111 (62.36) | 67 (37.64) |
| Maternal age (years) | |||
| <20 | 22 (6.21) | 12 (54.55) | 10 (45.45) |
| 20–35 | 306 (86.44) | 204 (66.67) | 102 (33.33) |
| ≥35 | 26 (7.34) | 17 (65.38) | 9 (34.62) |
| Residency of mothers | |||
| Urban | 109 (30.79) | 81 (74.31) | 28 (25.69) |
| Rural | 245 (69.21) | 152 (62.04) | 93 (37.96) |
Table 2.
Medical/surgical comorbidity characteristics of preterm neonates diagnosed with neonatal sepsis admitted in the NICU ward of Government Hospitals in Southwest Ethiopia from March 2021 to January 30, 2022 (N = 354), N (%).
| Variables and category | Total | Outcome status | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alive | Death | ||
| RDS | |||
| No | 238 (67.23) | 170 (71.43) | 68 (28.57) |
| Yes | 116 (32.77) | 63 (54.31) | 53 (45.69) |
| Jaundice | |||
| No | 313 (88.42) | 202 (64.54) | 111 (35.46) |
| Yes | 41 (11.58) | 31 (75.61) | 10 (24.39) |
| Anomaly | |||
| No | 342 (96.61) | 224 (65.50) | 118 (34.50) |
| Yes | 12 (3.39) | 9 (75.00) | 3 (25.00) |
| Hypoglycemia | |||
| No | 262 (74.01) | 187 (71.37) | 75 (28.63) |
| Yes | 92 (25.99) | 46 (50) | 46 (50) |
| Hypothermia | |||
| No | 190 (53.67) | 143 (75.26) | 47 (24.74) |
| Yes | 164 (46.33) | 90 (54.88) | 74 (45.12) |
| Asphyxia | |||
| No | 312 (88.14) | 208 (66.67) | 104 (33.33) |
| Yes | 42 (11.86) | 25 (59.52) | 17 (40.48) |
Table 3.
Neonatal-related characteristics of preterm neonates diagnosed with neonatal sepsis admitted in the NICU of Government Hospitals in Southwest Ethiopia from March 2021 to January 30, 2022 (N = 354), N (%).
| Characteristics and category | Total | Outcome status | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Censored | Death | ||
| Where delivery was conducted | |||
| Health institution | 340 (96.05) | 225 (66.18) | 115 (33.82) |
| Home | 14 (3.95) | 8 (57.14) | 6 (42.86) |
| Neonatal Wight (g) | |||
| <2500 | 303 (85.59) | 189 (62.38) | 114 (37.62) |
| ≥2500 | 51 (14.41) | 44 (86.27) | 7 (13.73) |
| GA (weeks) | |||
| 28–31 | 51 (14.41) | 24 (47.06) | 27 (52.94) |
| 32–36 | 303 (85.59) | 209 (68.98) | 94 (31.02) |
| First minute APGAR score | |||
| <7 | 238 (67.23) | 142 (59.66) | 96 (40.34) |
| ≥7 | 116 (32.77) | 91 (78.45) | 25 (21.55) |
| 5th minute APGAR | |||
| <7 | 122 (34.46) | 53 (43.44) | 69 (56.56) |
| ≥7 | 232 (65.54) | 180 (77.5) | 62 (22.41) |
| Application of KMC | |||
| Yes | 154 (72.73) | 112 (72.73) | 42 (27.27) |
| No | 200 (56.50) | 121 (60.50) | 79 (39.50) |
| Weight for GA | |||
| LGA | 17 (4.8) | 13 (76.47) | 4 (23.53) |
| AGA | 271 (76.55) | 193 (71.22) | 78 (28.78) |
| SGA | 66 (18.64) | 27 (40.91) | 39 (59.09) |
| Breathing status at birth | |||
| Didn’t cry | 113 (31.92) | 36 (31.86) | 77 (68.14) |
| Cry | 241 (68.08) | 197 (81.74) | 44 (18.26) |
Table 4.
Maternal medical and obstetrics-related characteristics of preterm neonates diagnosed with neonatal sepsis admitted in the NICU of Government Hospitals, in Southwest Ethiopia from March 2021 to January 30, 2022 (N = 354), N (%).
| Characteristics and category | Total | Outcome status | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Censored N (%) | Death N (%) | ||
| Chronic medical disease | |||
| No | 339 (95.76) | 218 (67.26) | 111 (32.74) |
| Yes | 15 (4.24) | 5 (33.33) | 10 (66.67) |
| Antenatal care | |||
| No | 23 (6.5) | 11 (47.83) | 12 (52.17) |
| Yes | 331 (93.5) | 222 (67.07) | 109 (32.93) |
| Obstetric complications | |||
| No | 312 (88.14) | 199 (63.78) | 113 (36.22) |
| Yes | 42 (11.86) | 34 (80.95) | 8 (19.05) |
| Mode of delivery | |||
| C/S | 73 (20.62) | 57 (78.08) | 16 (21.92) |
| Vaginal | 281 (79.38) | 176 (62.63) | 105 (37.37) |
| Pregnancy type | |||
| Single | 269 (75.99) | 188 (69.8) | 81 (30.11) |
| Multiple | 85 (24.01) | 45 (52.94) | 40 (47.06) |
| Febrile illness of the mother | |||
| No | 335 (94.63) | 221 (65.97) | 114 (34.03) |
| Yes | 19 (5.37) | 12 (63.16) | 7 (36.84) |
| Presentation | |||
| Cephalic | 440 (96.05) | 224 (65.88) | 116 (34.12) |
| Non-cephalic | 14 (3.95) | 9 (64.29) | 5 (35.71) |
| Parity | |||
| Para I | 166 (46.89) | 113 (68.07) | 53 (31.93) |
| Multi-para | 188 (53.11) | 120 (63.83) | 68 (36.17) |
Figure 1.
Treatment outcome among preterm neonates diagnosed with neonatal sepsis admitted in the NICU of Government Hospitals in Southwest Ethiopia from March 2021 to January 30, 2022 (N = 354).
Note: NICU, neonatal intensive care unit.
Figure 2.
Kaplan–Meier survival estimate graph overall median survival time among preterm neonates diagnosed with sepsis admitted to Government Hospitals in Ethiopia, 2022 (N = 354).
Figure 3.
Cox-Snell residual, Nelson-Aalen cumulative hazard graph among preterm neonates diagnosed with sepsis and admitted to Government Hospitals in Southwest Ethiopia, 2022 (N = 354).
Table 5.
Bivariate and multivariate result of preterm neonates diagnosed with neonatal sepsis, admitted in the NICU of Governmental Hospitals, in Southwest Ethiopia from March 2021 to January 30, 2022 (N = 354).
| Variables and category | Outcome status | CHR (95% Cl) | AHR (95%CI) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alive | Death | ||||
| Gender | |||||
| Female | 122 | 54 | 1 | 1 | |
| Male | 111 | 57 | 1.38 (0.96–1.93) | 1.38 (0.94–2.02) | 0.098 |
| Residency | |||||
| Urban | 81 | 28 | 1 | 1 | |
| Rural | 152 | 93 | 1.48 (0.99–2.22) | 1.44 (0.89–2.33) | 0.132 |
| Antenatal care | |||||
| Yes | 222 | 109 | 1 | 1 | |
| No | 11 | 12 | 2.06 (1.13–3.80) | 2.5 (1.3–4.84) | 0.005* |
| Pregnancy complication | |||||
| No | 199 | 113 | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 34 | 8 | 2.43 (1.27–4.65) | 0.55 (0.22–1.39) | 0.209 |
| Respiratory distress | |||||
| No | 170 | 68 | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 63 | 53 | 1.57 (1.06–2.23) | 1.50 (1.13–2.31) | 0.045* |
| Jaundice | |||||
| No | 202 | 111 | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 31 | 10 | 3.08 (2.18–4.38) | 1.89 (1.26–2.84) | 0.002* |
| Application of KMC | |||||
| Yes | 112 | 42 | 1 | 1 | |
| No | 121 | 79 | 1.66 (1.15–2.40) | 0.97 (0.64–1.47) | 0.891 |
| Mode of delivery | |||||
| C/S | 57 | 16 | 1 | 1 | |
| Vaginal | 176 | 105 | 0.54 (0.32–0.92) | 0.56 (0.32–0.99) | 0.075 |
| Breathing status | |||||
| Cried | 197 | 44 | 1 | 1 | |
| Didn’t cry | 36 | 77 | 4.12 (2.88–5.90) | 2.9 (1.88–4.51) | 0.09 |
| Parity | |||||
| Para I | 113 | 53 | 1 | 1 | |
| Multi-para | 120 | 68 | 1.40 (0.98–2.02) | 1.75 (1.19–2.58) | 0.075 |
| Weight (g) | |||||
| ≥2500 | 189 | 114 | 1 | 1 | |
| <2500 | 44 | 7 | 2.76 (1.29–5.94) | 1.93 (0.83–4.47) | 0.125 |
| Hypoglycemia | |||||
| No | 187 | 75 | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 46 | 46 | 1.78 (1.24–2.55) | 1.54 (0.97–2.45) | 0.064 |
| Hypothermia | |||||
| No | 143 | 47 | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 90 | 74 | 1.89 (1.32–2.67) | 1.35 (0.86–2.12) | 0.194 |
| GA (weeks) | |||||
| >32 | 24 | 27 | 1 | 1 | |
| <32 | 209 | 94 | 0.60 (0.40–0.91) | 0.84 (0.52–1.37) | 0.494 |
| WFGA | |||||
| AGA | 193 | 78 | 1 | 1 | |
| LGA | 13 | 4 | 0.92 (0.34–2.51) | 0.94 (0.32–2.79) | 0.916 |
| SGA | 27 | 39 | 2.03 (1.3–2.96) | 1.24 (0.81–1.94) | 0.338 |
| Pregnancy types | |||||
| Single tone | 188 | 81 | 1 | 1 | |
| Multiple | 45 | 40 | 1.37 (0.94–1.99) | 1.08 (0.71–1.65) | 0.721 |
| APGAR 1st min. | |||||
| <7 | 142 | 96 | 0.56 (0.36–0.85) | 0.69 (0.39–1.24) | 0.216 |
| ≥7 | 91 | 25 | 1 | 1 | |
| APGAR 5th min | |||||
| <7 | 53 | 69 | 2.7 (1.91–3.93) | 2.11 (1.29–3.46) | 0.015* |
| ≥7 | 180 | 52 | 1 | 1 | |
1* Note: NB: significant at P-value < 0.05 in multi-variable analysis; 1, considered as reference category.
1 AGA, appropriate for gestational age; AHR, adjusted hazard ratio; APGAR, activity, pulse, grimace, appearance and respiration; CHR, crude hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; GA, gestational age; KMC, kangaroo mother care; LGA, large for gestational age; NICU, neonatal intensive care unit; RDS, respiratory distress syndromerespirator syndrome; SGA, small for gestational age; WFGA, weight for gestational age.