Figure 1
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Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Sensitivity analysis_
| Items | Fixed-effect model | Random-effect model | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SMD | 95% CI | I2 (%) | SMD | 95% CI | I2 (%) | |
| Skill score | 1.04 | (0.94, 1.15) | 86 | 1.06 | (0.76, 1.35) | 86 |
| Learning interest | 0.92 | (0.79, 1.06) | 88 | 0.90 | (0.50, 1.30) | 88 |
| Ability to judge and innovative thinking | 1.00 | (0.76, 1.24) | 92 | 1.22 | (0.36, 2.09) | 92 |
| Abilities of understanding and perception | 0.58 | (0.34, 0.83) | 0 | 0.58 | (0.34, 0.83) | 0 |
| Teaching satisfaction | 1.26 | (1.12, 1.39) | 88 | 1.29 | (0.88, 1.70) | 88 |
| Ability to analyze and solve problems | 0.74 | (0.55, 0.93) | 88 | 0.85 | (0.28, 1.41) | 88 |
Subgroup analyses_
| Characteristics | n | Pooled Cohen's d (95% CI) | P | Heterogeneity test | P (Egger's test) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I2 | P | |||||
| Gender | 0 | |||||
| Female | 3 | 1.08 (0.81,1.34) | 0 | 0.931 | 0.10 | |
| Mixed | 7 | 1.24 (1.09,1.38) | 0 | 0.877 | 0.44 | |
| No report | 5 | 0.72 (0.54,0.91) | 0.06 | 0.546 | 0.78 | |
| Educational background | 0 | |||||
| Secondary vocational school education | 3 | 1.35 (1.08,1.63) | 0.04 | 0.672 | 0.57 | |
| Junior college | 8 | 1.06 (0.93,1.19) | 0 | 0.908 | 0.21 | |
| Undergraduate | 4 | 0.80 (0.57,1.03) | 0 | 0.775 | 0.84 | |
| Subject | 0 | |||||
| Fundamentals of nursing | 4 | 1.38 (1.20,1.56) | 0.18 | 0.380 | 0.27 | |
| Surgical nursing | 3 | 0.82 (0.56,1.07) | 0 | 0.939 | 0.93 | |
| Medical nursing | 4 | 0.57 (0.36,0.78) | 0.52 | 0 | 0.23 | |
| Other | 4 | 1.27 (1.05,1.49) | 0 | 0.871 | - | |
| Duration of intervention | 0 | |||||
| ≤1 month | 2 | 1.54 (1.31,1.76) | 0 | 0.866 | 0.78 | |
| 1–4 months | 5 | 0.54 (0.35,0.73) | 0.63 | 0 | 0.14 | |
| >4 months | 3 | 0.96 (0.69,1.24) | 0 | 0.801 | 0.69 | |
| No report | 5 | 1.26 (1.08,1.45) | 0 | 0.879 | 0.01 | |
| Area | 0 | |||||
| South | 11 | 0.96 (0.82,1.10) | 0 | 0.847 | 0.43 | |
| North | 4 | 1.18 (1.02,1.35) | 0 | 0.914 | 0.57 | |
Characteristics of the 15 studies of the effect of the experiential teaching method on nursing students’ education_
| Included study | Design | T (N) | C (N) | Gender | Educational background | Duration of intervention | Subject | Area | Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mao et al.18 (2016) | RCT | 40 | 40 | Female | Secondary vocational school education | No report | Fundamentals of nursing | South | (1)(2) |
| Shen and Zhu19 (2018) | RCT | 50 | 50 | Mixed | Secondary vocational school education | No report | Fundamentals of nursing | South | (1)(2) |
| Zhou24 (2019) | RCT | 35 | 35 | No report | Secondary vocational school education | 17 months | Mixed nursing | South | (1)(2) |
| Li et al.15 (2015) | RCT | 54 | 52 | No report | Junior college | No report | Fundamentals of nursing | South | (1)(3) |
| Zhou and Shi25 (2019) | RCT | 52 | 55 | Female | Junior college | No report | Surgical nursing | South | (1)(3)(6) |
| Chen13 (2015) | RCT | 30 | 30 | Mixed | Undergraduate | 11 months | Emergency nursing | South | (1)(4) |
| Yi21 (2016) | RCT | 54 | 52 | No report | Junior college | 8 months | Mixed nursing | South | (1)(2) |
| Tian20 (2017) | RCT | 56 | 55 | No report | Junior college | 4 months | Medical nursing | North | (1)(2)(3)(4) |
| Yi22 (2016) | RCT | 80 | 80 | Mixed | Junior college | No report | Nursing Aesthetics | North | (1)(2) |
| Li16 (2017) | RCT | 156 | 151 | Mixed | Junior college | 2 weeks | Fundamentals of nursing | North | (1)(2)(3) |
| Zhang et al.27 (2016) | RCT | 42 | 42 | Female | Junior college | 4 weeks | Surgical nursing | South | (1)(2)(3)(4) |
| Du14 (2015) | RCT | 45 | 45 | Mixed | Junior college | 6 weeks | Medical nursing | South | (1)(3)(5)(6) |
| Li and Zhang17 (2018) | RCT | 50 | 50 | No report | Undergraduate | 6 weeks | Medical nursing | South | (1)(4)(6) |
| Yang and Zhang23 (2014) | RCT | 40 | 40 | Mixed | Undergraduate | 6 weeks | Surgical nursing | South | (1)(3)(5)(6) |
| Zhang26 (2018) | RCT | 50 | 50 | Mixed | Undergraduate | 6 weeks | Medical nursing | North | (1)(3)(5)(6) |
Risk of bias assessment of the 15 included studies_
| Included study | Random sequence generation | Allocation concealment | Blinding | Incomplete outcome data | Selective reporting | Other bias | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participants | Outcome assessment | ||||||
| Mao et al.18 (2016) | Yes (randomized table) | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | None | None | None |
| Shen and Zhu19 (2018) | Yes (randomized table) | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | None | None | None |
| Zhou24 (2019) | Yes (randomized table) | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | None | None | None |
| Li et al.15 (2015) | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | None | None | None |
| Zhou and Shi25 (2019) | Yes (lottery) | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | None | None | None |
| Chen13 (2015) | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | None | None | None |
| Yi21 (2016) | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | None | None | None |
| Tian20 (2017) | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | None | None | None |
| Yi22 (2016) | Unclear | Yes | Unclear | Unclear | None | None | None |
| Li16 (2017) | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | None | None | None |
| Zhang et al.27 (2016) | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | None | None | None |
| Du14 (2015) | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | None | None | None |
| Li and Zhang17 (2018) | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | None | None | None |
| Yang and Zhang23 (2014) | Yes (randomized table) | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | None | None | None |
| Zhang26 (2018) | Yes (block randomization) | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | None | None | None |
The result of the secondary outcome indicator_
| Students’ feedback | Number of included studies | ES (95% CI) | I2 (%) | P (Egger's test) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Learning interest | 8 | 0.93 (0.79–1.06) | 88.40 | 0.652 |
| Ability to judge and innovative thinking | 4 | 1.01 (0.77–1.25) | 92.20 | 0.122 |
| Ability to understand and perceive | 3 | 0.59 (0.34–0.83) | 0.00 | 0.306 |
| Ability to think and analyze problems | 5 | 0.75 (0.55–0.94) | 88.40 | 0.079 |
| Teaching satisfaction | 8 | 1.26 (1.13–1.40) | 88.30 | 0.813 |